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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R01AG044416 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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Funding for project ended
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Aging (NIA) | NIH |
| University of Massachusetts, Lowell | OTHER |
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There are three components to this study: a Field Trial, a Shift Worker Survey, and Focus Groups. The Investigators will study the effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of an 8-h sleep intervention in older night workers in an operational environment. The overall goal of the Field Trial is to minimize sleep deficiency and negative outcomes resulting from that, including sleepiness and performance impairments during night shift work. The Shift Worker Survey is designed to understand some of the demographic and operational factors that enable or inhibit the ability of individual shift workers to adopt this intervention. The Focus Groups are designed to glean in-depth information from older shift workers who indicate that they are unable or unwilling to adopt an 8-h sleep timing intervention. Understanding these factors will assist in refining and targeting the intervention to those individuals who will be most likely to benefit from the intervention sleep timing strategy.
The overall goal of the Field Trial is to minimize sleep deficiency and negative outcomes resulting from that, including sleepiness and performance impairments during night shift work. The experimental protocol is divided into two blocks, the Baseline block and the Intervention block, where participants will work at least 3 night shifts in a row within each block. For at least one week prior to the baseline block participants will work their usual shift schedule (i.e., no vacation/scheduled days off). The investigators will recruit up to 200 health care workers in order to have up to 75 health care workers complete the entire Field Trial. Potential participants will be employed older health care workers who work a minimum number of 8-h night shifts per month and who are in the greater Boston area.
The Shift Worker Survey is designed to understand some of the demographic and operational factors that enable or inhibit the ability of individual shift workers to adopt the sleep intervention that will be tested in the Field Trial. The investigators will use a web-based survey consisting of ~70 questions developed and administered using REDCap. The complete questionnaire will take approximately 20-30 minutes to complete. The study will enroll up to 1,000 employed individuals (20 or more hours per week) whose work includes overnight shifts, with a minimum criterion of at least 4 night shifts a month. Health Care Workers who complete the Shift Worker Survey will be given the option to complete an additional Health Care Worker's Questionnaire at the end of the basic Shift Worker Survey. Those whose responses meet inclusion/exclusion criteria for the Field Trial will be informed at the end of the Shift Worker Survey that they may be eligible for the Field Trial.
The goal of the Focus Groups is to gain information on the feasibility and acceptability of the fixed 8-h sleep schedule from the participants' perspective. Investigators will seek to learn more information about the current sleep strategies they use on a regular basis, and both the facilitating and challenging aspects of the fixed-sleep countermeasure (e.g., individual, intrapersonal and organizational barriers to implementation of fixed 8-h sleep, recommended modifications to the fixed 8-h sleep schedule that would make it more user-friendly while maintaining scientific validity). Each of the focus groups will consist of 4-6 individuals to stimulate discussion without leaving participants out, and will last 60-90 minutes. The investigators aim to enroll up to 60 individuals in Focus Groups. In addition to the health care workers who took part in the Field Trial, the investigators will invite night shift workers who complete the Shift Worker Survey but indicate their inability to comply with a fixed 8-h sleep schedule to attend a Focus Group discussion.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control (Group A) | No Intervention | During the intervention block of the Field Trial, at the end of the first night shift, the participant will be told about their randomization group. In the control group (Group A), participants will not be given any instructions about the timing or duration of their sleep, but will be instructed to follow their usual night shift sleep routine. | |
| 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep (Group B) | Experimental | In the 8-h afternoon-evening sleep intervention group (Group B), participants will be instructed to go to bed between 13:00 and 14:00 (depending on their individual commute time) and to remain in bed attempting to sleep for 8 hours (until 21:00-22:00) before the next two night shifts. |
|
| 8-h Free Sleep (Group C) | Experimental | In the 8-h free sleep group (Group C), participants will be instructed to remain in bed for 8 continuous hours before the next two night shifts, but will not be given any instruction regarding which 8 hours they should sleep. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep | Behavioral | 8 consecutive hours time in bed during the afternoon/evening. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Total Sleep Time (TST) | TST is calculated as minutes of sleep in the main sleep episode between shifts, derived from actigraphy data collected in 60 s epochs. The investigators will use a commercial software package to score the sleep. For control group participants who will sleep ad-lib, TST will be calculated for the major sleep episode but also will be summed across sleep episodes if they sleep in more than one bout. | The TST averaged for up to 3 intervention nights (in minutes) will be compared between groups. |
| Sleep Fragmentation Index (FI) | FI will be calculated as the number of times that sleep was terminated after 1 minute, expressed as a percentage of total estimated sleep time, using actigraphy data and commercial software to calculate it. | The FI averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
| Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) | WASO is an objective sleep quality measure and will be calculated as the duration (in minutes) of all awakenings during the main sleep episode measured with actigraphy, and calculated using commercial software. | The WASO averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Sleep Quality | Participants will report their subjective sleep quality daily upon awakening from the main sleep episode. Multiple measures of subjective sleep quality will be assessed, but the investigators will report how refreshed the participant feels after awakening as the outcome. This is rated on a 7-point scale, where 7 is the best and 1 is the worst. | Subjective Sleep quality (refreshment) averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Alertness Via Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | Participants will complete the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) as a measure of subjective alertness immediately following each night shift. The KSS is a Likert scale ranging from 1, extremely alert, to 9, extremely sleepy. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Fatigue and Inter-Shift Recovery | The Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale (OFER 15), which consists of 15 questions about acute fatigue and recovery between shifts, will be used. Each of the 15 questions is answered on a Likert scale which ranges from 0 (Strongly Disagree) to 6 (Strongly Agree). The OFER15 will be completed immediately after the third night shift in the Baseline block and at the end of the third night shift in the Intervention block. |
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Field Trial -
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jeanne F Duffy, MBA, PhD | Brigham and Women's Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brigham and Women's Hospital | Boston | Massachusetts | 02115 | United States |
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Enrollment was assigned upon start of the Baseline period, but participants were not informed of their randomization until after the first night shift of the Intervention period.
Recruitment took place between September 2019 and November 2022. All recruitment was via advertisements placed online, in newsletters, and through email lists.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Control (Group A) | During the intervention block of the Field Trial, at the end of the first night shift, the participant will be told about their randomization group. In the control group (Group A), participants will not be given any instructions about the timing or duration of their sleep, but will be instructed to follow their usual night shift sleep routine. |
| FG001 | 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep (Group B) | In the 8-h afternoon-evening sleep intervention group (Group B), participants will be instructed to go to bed between 13:00 and 14:00 (depending on their individual commute time) and to remain in bed attempting to sleep for 8 hours (until 21:00-22:00) before the next two night shifts. 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed during the afternoon/evening. |
| FG002 | 8-h Free Sleep (Group C) | In the 8-h free sleep group (Group C), participants will be instructed to remain in bed for 8 continuous hours before the next two night shifts, but will not be given any instruction regarding which 8 hours they should sleep. 8-h Free Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed at any time. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Control (Group A) | During the intervention block of the Field Trial, at the end of the first night shift, the participant will be told about their randomization group. In the control group (Group A), participants will not be given any instructions about the timing or duration of their sleep, but will be instructed to follow their usual night shift sleep routine. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Total Sleep Time (TST) | TST is calculated as minutes of sleep in the main sleep episode between shifts, derived from actigraphy data collected in 60 s epochs. The investigators will use a commercial software package to score the sleep. For control group participants who will sleep ad-lib, TST will be calculated for the major sleep episode but also will be summed across sleep episodes if they sleep in more than one bout. | All participants with useable actigraphy data were included. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | minutes | The TST averaged for up to 3 intervention nights (in minutes) will be compared between groups. |
|
Through each individual's study completion. This was from the start of data collection for an individual until the end of data collection for the individual, which was up to 4 weeks.
No difference.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Control (Group A) | During the intervention block of the Field Trial, at the end of the first night shift, the participant will be told about their randomization group. In the control group (Group A), participants will not be given any instructions about the timing or duration of their sleep, but will be instructed to follow their usual night shift sleep routine. |
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| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| acute shortness of breath | General disorders | standard terminology | Non-systematic Assessment | The participant reported an incident of acute shortness of breath at the end of the baseline week. She underwent a stress echocardiogram which resulted in no adverse findings. She was cleared to return to work and completed the rest of the study. |
Enrollment in the study was hindered by the COVID-19 pandemic, and we had fewer participants than originally planned. We changed the study to be fully remote due to COVID and had to drop the salivary cortisol aim. Due to lower enrollment than planned, we could not address many of the secondary aims.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeanne F. Duffy, Principal Investigator | Brigham and Women's Hospital | 617-732-7995 | jduffy@bwh.harvard.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Sep 25, 2020 | Dec 16, 2024 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Oct 29, 2021 | Dec 16, 2024 | ICF_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020178 | Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D021081 | Chronobiology Disorders |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
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The interventional study design describes the Field Trial only.
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| 8-h Free Sleep | Behavioral | 8 consecutive hours time in bed at any time. |
|
| The KSS score taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) during the intervention block will be compared to that at baseline. |
| Sustained Attention | The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a test of visual reaction time (RT) in which the participant is asked to maintain the fastest possible RTs to a simple visual stimulus for several minutes. The inter-stimulus interval varies randomly between 2-10 seconds. While there are a number of standard performance metrics that can be obtained from each PVT, we have looked at the slowest 10% of responses. | PVT mean of slowest 10% of responses measured at the start of the final night shift (night shift 3) during the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Energy | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective energy level. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. energetic-sluggish. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as subjective energeticness. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective energy. | Subjective Energy measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Stress Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective stress.The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. relaxed-stressed. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Stress. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater subjective stress. | Subjective Stress via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Calmness Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective Calmness. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. calm-excited. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Calmness. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective calmness. | Subjective Calmness via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Health Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess subjective health. VAS consist of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. healthy-sick. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Health. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective health. | Subjective Health via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Alertness Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) - DATA NOT COLLECTED | Participants will complete the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a measure of subjective alertness three times per night shift: Once just before the night shift, once during their shift break, and once immediately following the night shift. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. sleepy-alert. Participants will indicate a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Alertness with higher scores indicating greater subjective alertness. | Subjective Alertness via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| OFER15 scores from the end of the third night shift in the Baseline to the end of the Intervention block will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Stress | The investigators will collect subjective measures of daily stress using a validated questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a 10-item self-report measure that allows a person to indicate stressful events that they have experienced in the past week. Each question is answered on a 5-item scale indicating the frequency, from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). | Subjective stress will be assessed immediately after the third night shift in the Baseline and Intervention blocks and the change will be compared between groups. |
| Subjective Quality of Life: WHOQOLBref | The investigators will use a validated questionnaire, the WHOQOLBref, a 26 item questionnaire suitable for field studies, which asks a series of questions about life, health, energy, and personal satisfaction, to assess Quality of Life. The questionnaire contains 4 separately scored domains: Physical Health, Psychological, Social Relationships, and Environment. Each domain contains several questions and ask participants to provide a response on a Likert Scale ranging from 1 to 5, with higher numbers indicating a higher quality of life (aside from 3 negatively phrased items). | WHOQOL-Bref will be taken at Baseline and immediately after the third night shift in the Intervention block and will be compared between groups. |
| Salivary Cortisol Level NOTE THAT THIS AIM WAS DROPPED WHEN THE STUDY WENT TO FULLY REMOTE DUE TO COVID | The investigators will collect a single saliva sample at the end of the final night shift in the Baseline block and the Intervention block. The sample will be frozen and later assayed to assess cortisol level (in micrograms per deciliter, μg/dL). Higher cortisol levels will be indicative of greater stress. | Salivary Cortisol will be assessed immediately after the third night shift in the Intervention block and levels will be compared between groups. |
| BG001 |
| 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep (Group B) |
In the 8-h afternoon-evening sleep intervention group (Group B), participants will be instructed to go to bed between 13:00 and 14:00 (depending on their individual commute time) and to remain in bed attempting to sleep for 8 hours (until 21:00-22:00) before the next two night shifts. 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed during the afternoon/evening. |
| BG002 | 8-h Free Sleep (Group C) | In the 8-h free sleep group (Group C), participants will be instructed to remain in bed for 8 continuous hours before the next two night shifts, but will not be given any instruction regarding which 8 hours they should sleep. 8-h Free Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed at any time. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| Years Working Night Shifts | Years by participant report. | Number | participants |
|
| OG001 | 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep (Group B) | In the 8-h afternoon-evening sleep intervention group (Group B), participants will be instructed to go to bed between 13:00 and 14:00 (depending on their individual commute time) and to remain in bed attempting to sleep for 8 hours (until 21:00-22:00) before the next two night shifts. 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed during the afternoon/evening. |
| OG002 | 8-h Free Sleep (Group C) | In the 8-h free sleep group (Group C), participants will be instructed to remain in bed for 8 continuous hours before the next two night shifts, but will not be given any instruction regarding which 8 hours they should sleep. 8-h Free Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed at any time. |
|
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| Primary | Sleep Fragmentation Index (FI) | FI will be calculated as the number of times that sleep was terminated after 1 minute, expressed as a percentage of total estimated sleep time, using actigraphy data and commercial software to calculate it. | All participants with useable actigraphy data were included. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of TST | The FI averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
|
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| Primary | Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO) | WASO is an objective sleep quality measure and will be calculated as the duration (in minutes) of all awakenings during the main sleep episode measured with actigraphy, and calculated using commercial software. | All participants with useable actigraphy data were included. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | minutes | The WASO averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
|
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|
| Primary | Subjective Sleep Quality | Participants will report their subjective sleep quality daily upon awakening from the main sleep episode. Multiple measures of subjective sleep quality will be assessed, but the investigators will report how refreshed the participant feels after awakening as the outcome. This is rated on a 7-point scale, where 7 is the best and 1 is the worst. | Every participant with responses at waketime after night shifts 2 and/or 3 during the intervention segment. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | Subjective Sleep quality (refreshment) averaged for intervention nights 2 and 3 will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Alertness Via Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) | Participants will complete the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) as a measure of subjective alertness immediately following each night shift. The KSS is a Likert scale ranging from 1, extremely alert, to 9, extremely sleepy. | All participants completing the study for whom data were available. | Posted | Number | participants | The KSS score taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) during the intervention block will be compared to that at baseline. |
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| Primary | Sustained Attention | The psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) is a test of visual reaction time (RT) in which the participant is asked to maintain the fastest possible RTs to a simple visual stimulus for several minutes. The inter-stimulus interval varies randomly between 2-10 seconds. While there are a number of standard performance metrics that can be obtained from each PVT, we have looked at the slowest 10% of responses. | There were many missing data for this outcome. Group A only had 1 participant in whom complete PVT results were available for the final night shift. Thus, no standard deviation is provided. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | milliseconds | PVT mean of slowest 10% of responses measured at the start of the final night shift (night shift 3) during the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Energy | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective energy level. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. energetic-sluggish. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as subjective energeticness. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective energy. | All participants who had data collected at the end of Intervention Night Shift 3. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale of 0-100 | Subjective Energy measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Stress Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective stress.The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. relaxed-stressed. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Stress. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating greater subjective stress. | All participants who had data collected at the end of intervention night shift 3. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale of 0-100 | Subjective Stress via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Calmness Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | A Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess subjective Calmness. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. calm-excited. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Calmness. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective calmness. | All participants who had data collected at the end of the 3rd Night Shift. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale of 0-100 | Subjective Calmness via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Health Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) | Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) will be used to assess subjective health. VAS consist of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. healthy-sick. The Participant indicates a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale (0) to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Health. Thus, scores on the scale range from 0 to 100 with lower scores indicating greater subjective health. | All participants who had data from the end of Intervention Night Shift 3. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale of 0-100 | Subjective Health via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Primary | Subjective Alertness Via Visual Analog Scale (VAS) - DATA NOT COLLECTED | Participants will complete the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) as a measure of subjective alertness three times per night shift: Once just before the night shift, once during their shift break, and once immediately following the night shift. The VAS consists of a 100mm horizontal line with each end of the line labeled with the extremes of a subjective continuum, e.g. sleepy-alert. Participants will indicate a position on the line that best describes how they feel at that moment. Distance from the left end of the scale to the indicated point will be measured in mm and reported as Subjective Alertness with higher scores indicating greater subjective alertness. | These data are similar enough to measures from the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale data and in order to reduce participant burden WE DID NOT COLLECT THEM. We did not modify the IRB protocol to indicate this measure would not be collected. BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT COLLECTED WE CANNOT ANALYZE ANYTHING. | Posted | Subjective Alertness via VAS measurements taken at the end of the final night shift (night shift 3) in the intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Secondary | Fatigue and Inter-Shift Recovery | The Occupational Fatigue Exhaustion Recovery Scale (OFER 15), which consists of 15 questions about acute fatigue and recovery between shifts, will be used. Each of the 15 questions is answered on a Likert scale which ranges from 0 (Strongly Disagree) to 6 (Strongly Agree). The OFER15 will be completed immediately after the third night shift in the Baseline block and at the end of the third night shift in the Intervention block. | All participants who completed the study and who had complete questionnaire results from the Baseline and Intervention. | Posted | Number | participants | OFER15 scores from the end of the third night shift in the Baseline to the end of the Intervention block will be compared between groups. |
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| Secondary | Subjective Stress | The investigators will collect subjective measures of daily stress using a validated questionnaire, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), a 10-item self-report measure that allows a person to indicate stressful events that they have experienced in the past week. Each question is answered on a 5-item scale indicating the frequency, from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). | All participants who completed the study and who had Baseline and Intervention data. | Posted | Number | participants | Subjective stress will be assessed immediately after the third night shift in the Baseline and Intervention blocks and the change will be compared between groups. |
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| Secondary | Subjective Quality of Life: WHOQOLBref | The investigators will use a validated questionnaire, the WHOQOLBref, a 26 item questionnaire suitable for field studies, which asks a series of questions about life, health, energy, and personal satisfaction, to assess Quality of Life. The questionnaire contains 4 separately scored domains: Physical Health, Psychological, Social Relationships, and Environment. Each domain contains several questions and ask participants to provide a response on a Likert Scale ranging from 1 to 5, with higher numbers indicating a higher quality of life (aside from 3 negatively phrased items). | All participants who completed the study and who had baseline and end of intervention data. | Posted | Number | participants | WHOQOL-Bref will be taken at Baseline and immediately after the third night shift in the Intervention block and will be compared between groups. |
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| Secondary | Salivary Cortisol Level NOTE THAT THIS AIM WAS DROPPED WHEN THE STUDY WENT TO FULLY REMOTE DUE TO COVID | The investigators will collect a single saliva sample at the end of the final night shift in the Baseline block and the Intervention block. The sample will be frozen and later assayed to assess cortisol level (in micrograms per deciliter, μg/dL). Higher cortisol levels will be indicative of greater stress. | These data were not collected and therefore could not be analyzed. When the study had to go fully remote due to COVID, we dropped this Aim. This was reported in our NIH Progress Report in 2020. | Posted | Salivary Cortisol will be assessed immediately after the third night shift in the Intervention block and levels will be compared between groups. |
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| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 1 |
| 10 |
| EG001 | 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep (Group B) | In the 8-h afternoon-evening sleep intervention group (Group B), participants will be instructed to go to bed between 13:00 and 14:00 (depending on their individual commute time) and to remain in bed attempting to sleep for 8 hours (until 21:00-22:00) before the next two night shifts. 8-h Afternoon-Evening Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed during the afternoon/evening. | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| EG002 | 8-h Free Sleep (Group C) | In the 8-h free sleep group (Group C), participants will be instructed to remain in bed for 8 continuous hours before the next two night shifts, but will not be given any instruction regarding which 8 hours they should sleep. 8-h Free Sleep: 8 consecutive hours time in bed at any time. | 0 | 9 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 9 |
|
| motor vehicle accident | General disorders | standard terminology | Non-systematic Assessment | Participant reported being rear-ended in a MVA on her way to work on the final night of the intervention week. Her airbags were deployed so she went to an ER to be evaluated. No injuries were sustained. She therefore did not work on that final night. |
|
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| D009784 |
| Occupational Diseases |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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| subjective sleepiness improved between baseline and end of treatment |
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| Participants whose refreshment scores worsened between baseline and end of intervention. |
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| Participants whose refreshment scores did not change between baseline and end of intervention. |
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| Participants whose refreshment scores improved between baseline and end of intervention. |
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| participants whose perceived stress improved from baseline to end of intervention. |
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| participants whose QOL score improved from baseline to end of intervention. |
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