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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R01DA044143 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) | NIH |
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This study will (1) comprehensively characterize the substance use disorder (SUD) risk profile associated with adolescent Delayed Sleep Phase (DSP), and (2) probe whether SUD risk is diminished by altering sleep/circadian timing.
Mounting evidence indicates that delayed sleep phase (DSP) may confer risk for adolescent substance use (SU) and SUDs. However, the exact nature of this link and the mechanisms underlying it remain unclear. Circadian misalignment, a mismatch between late sleep hours and early school start times, is a compelling potential contributor to elevated SU in adolescent DSP with plausible neurobehavioral mechanisms. The investigators hypothesize that DSP-associated circadian misalignment decreases impulse control and increases reward sensitivity, thereby increasing SUD risk.
This study will, for the first time, (1) comprehensively characterize the SUD risk profile associated with adolescent DSP, and (2) probe whether SUD risk is diminished by altering sleep/circadian timing. The study will assess both established markers of SUD risk and putative neurobehavioral mechanisms (impulsivity and reward sensitivity). Specifically, the investigators will employ a comprehensive, multi-method approach to examining DSP's role in SUD risk, combining laboratory, experimental, and longitudinal studies. The investigators will recruit a sample of 150 eleventh and twelfth graders (16-19 y/o), divided between 100 DSP and 50 normal phase teens. The investigators will focus on cannabis and alcohol use given their prevalent use in adolescents and evident links to DSP.
In the laboratory study, the investigators will compare a group of DSP adolescents to a group of normal phase adolescents on behavioral and neuroimaging (fMRI) tasks tapping impulsivity and reward sensitivity, as well as a circadian phase assessment.
In the experimental study, the investigators will probe whether stabilizing circadian phase in the DSP group (n=100) by using sleep scheduling and chronotherapeutic approaches (i.e., dim light in the evening and bright light in the morning) improves sleep and neurobehavioral function relevant to SUD risk.
NOTE: When this ClinicalTrials.gov protocol was initially submitted, there were some mistakes made. The initial submission focused only on the Experimental study, which thus only included the "DSP group" (aka Late Sleep Timing group), and thus out the Laboratory study along with the "normal phase group" (aka Early/Middle Sleep Timing group). At that time, we also only listed a limited range of the primary outcomes listed in the funded grant, inadvertently leaving out several primary outcomes (weekday sleep duration - actigraph, circadian timing - dim light melatonin onset, neural correlates of reward receipt, and baseline cannabis and alcohol use). Finally, we mistakenly listed cannabis use from the Longitudinal protocol as a secondary outcome when it was actually an exploratory outcome in the funded grant, and thus we removed it.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manipulation | Experimental | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Completed both a 1-week baseline period (T1) and a 2-week experimental period (T2). During the 2-week experimental period, participants were asked to adhere to the following:
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| Control | Active Comparator | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Completed both a 1-week baseline period (T1) and a 2-week experimental period (T2). During the 2-week experimental period, participants were asked to adhere to the following: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph |
|
| Early/Middle Sleep Timing | No Intervention | Participants who report a weekend bedtime <1AM. Participants completed only the 1-week baseline observational protocol (T1) |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Increase morning bright light | Other | Participants will wear Re-Timer bright glasses for 30 minutes each morning |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Weekday Sleep Duration - Actigraphy | Total Sleep Time as determined by wrist actigraphy data (averaged across weekdays during 1 week of T1 and during 2 weeks of T2) | T1 (1 Week), T2 (2 Weeks) |
| Circadian Timing - Dim Light Melatonin Onset | Circadian Timing as determined by dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) assessed during saliva sampling using the 4pg/ml threshold. | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Circadian Alignment | Circadian alignment is operationalized as the interval between the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and sleep midpoint based on the prior two nights of actigraphy data. | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. Based on DLMO assessed on weeknight lab overnight visit, and including the two nights of actigraphy data prior to the lab visit. |
| Reward Motivation (Behavioral) | Adjusted average pumps on Balloon Analogue Risk Task, a computerized measure of risk taking behavior in participants are presented with a series of balloons and offered the chance to earn money by pumping each balloon up by clicking a button. The adjusted average only includes non-burst trials. | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Behavioral Inhibition | Accuracy on Cued Go/No-Go Task, specifically correct response (withholding response) on No-Go trials following an incongruent Go cue | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Neural Correlates of Reward Anticipation |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Additional inclusion criterion for Experimental protocol
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Brant P Hasler, PhD | University of Pittsburgh | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic | Pittsburgh | Pennsylvania | 15213 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42008244 | Derived | Wescott DL, Quick AD, Oryshkewych NS, Wallace ML, Beebe D, Buysse DJ, Clark DB, Mirchandaney R, Hasler BP. Chronotherapeutic Approaches to Target Insufficient and Late Sleep in Adolescents: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2026 Jun 1;180(6):610-618. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2026.0976. |
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The 142 enrolled participants include individuals who consented to the study, were randomized to a group, and completed a limited battery of baseline assessments during that consent/diagnostic interview visit, but did not necessarily continue on into the "Laboratory" (Baseline/T1) protocol.
Participants were recruited from the surrounding community using flyers, postings on Pitt+Me (a registry for clinical and translational science research) and Read Green, word-of-mouth referrals, social media (Facebook/Instagram, Snapchat, YouTube, Spotify), Peach Jar (an online source for distributing flyers to schools), bus or church advertisements, local teen agencies, and school recruitment (contacting guidance counselors, teachers, and administrative employees).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Early/Middle Sleep Timing | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime <1AM. This group completed the T1 Baseline (aka Laboratory) phase and Longitudinal phase. Participants were asked to complete the following during a 7-day T1 Baseline phase: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants were asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. After T1, participants entered the Longitudinal phase, during which they completed periodic self-report follow-ups through the life of the grant (every 2 months for the first 6 months, biannual after that up through 60 months). |
| FG001 | Late Sleep Timing - Control | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. This group completed the T1 Baseline (aka Laboratory) phase, T2 Post-Manipulation (aka Experimental) phase, and Longitudinal phase. Participants were asked to complete the following during a 7-day T1 Baseline phase: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants were asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. Next, the participants completed the 2-week T2 Post-Manipulation phase, during which they were asked to adhere to the following: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph At the conclusion of the ~2 weeks, participants were asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. After T2, participants entered the Longitudinal phase, during which they completed periodic self-report follow-ups through the life of the grant (every 2 months for the first 6 months, biannual after that up through 60 months). |
| FG002 | Late Sleep Timing - Manipulation | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. This group completed the T1 Baseline (aka Laboratory) phase, T2 Post-Manipulation (aka Experimental) phase, and Longitudinal phase. Participants were asked to complete the following during a 7-day T1 Baseline phase: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants were asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. Next, the participants completed the 2-week T2 Post-Manipulation phase, during which they were asked to adhere to the following:
After T2, participants entered the Longitudinal phase, during which they completed periodic self-report follow-ups through the life of the grant (every 2 months for the first 6 months, biannual after that up through 60 months). |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1: Laboratory: 1 Week |
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| T2: Experimental: 2 Weeks |
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| Longitudinal Phase: 6 - 60 Months |
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The numbers in this section include all participants who consented, were determined eligible and interested, and started the Laboratory (baseline/T1) protocol (completed at least one day of the at-home actigraphy assessment).
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Early/Middle Sleep Timing | Group definition: Participants who report a weekend bedtime <1AM. Also known as the Laboratory protocol. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Weekday Sleep Duration - Actigraphy | Total Sleep Time as determined by wrist actigraphy data (averaged across weekdays during 1 week of T1 and during 2 weeks of T2) | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable actigraph data collected for participants during T1. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Number of hours | T1 (1 Week), T2 (2 Weeks) |
|
1 - 3 weeks (1 week for Early/Mid Sleep participants; 3 weeks for Late Sleep participants)
Adverse events were monitored during the T1/Baseline/Laboratory and T2/Post-Manipulation/Experimental phases, and not during the Longitudinal phase.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Early/Middle Sleep Timing | Participants who report a weekend bedtime <1AM. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brant Hasler, PhD | University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine | 412-246-6413 | haslerbp@upmc.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Aug 4, 2025 | Aug 4, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019966 | Substance-Related Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D064419 | Chemically-Induced Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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This study combines Laboratory, Experimental, and Longitudinal protocols. The study includes 2 initial groups (Early/Middle Sleep Timing and Late Sleep Timing) that all complete the initial Laboratory (baseline) protocol. The Late Sleep participants are also randomized to complete one of two arms (Manipulation or Control) in the Experimental (intervention) protocol. The Early/Mid Sleep group does not complete the Experimental protocol. Finally, participants are also follow-up assessments through the life of the grant in the Longitudinal protocols.
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| Decrease evening blue light | Other | Participants will wear tinted glasses that block blue wavelength light for 2 hours before bed |
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| Sleep scheduling | Behavioral | Participants will advance their weekday bedtime and maintain their weekday risetime on weekends |
|
| Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use | Behavioral | Participants will monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraphy |
|
Activation within the reward network during the Monetary Incentive Delay task. Specifically, activation is defined as bold signal in regions of the reward network (from NeuroSynth) on reward anticipation trials (large reward) versus neutral (no money) trials. Higher values represent increased reactivity to reward, as compared to neutral trials. |
| Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Neural Correlates of Reward Receipt | Monetary Incentive Delay Task: Win Outcome vs No Win contrast within the reward network (from Neurosynth). Higher values represent increased reactivity to reward wins, as compared to neutral trials. | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Neural Correlates of Impulse Control | Activation within the Executive Control Network during the Stop Signal Task. Specifically, activation is defined as bold signal in regions of the Executive Control Network on unsuccessful Stop trials versus successful Go trials. Higher values represent increased activity to unsuccessful Stop versus successful Go trials. | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
| Cannabis Use | Days of cannabis use based on timeline followback interview administered during baseline interview during consent/diagnostic interview visit. | Days of cannabis use in 3 months prior to baseline. |
| Alcohol Use | Days of alcohol use based on timeline followback interview administered during baseline interview during consent/diagnostic interview visit. | 3 months prior to baseline, based on timeline followback interview. |
| Investigator withdrawn due to ineligibility learned post-enrollment. |
|
| NOT COMPLETED |
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| COMPLETED |
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| NOT COMPLETED |
|
| BG001 | Late Sleep Timing - Control | Group definition: Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Participants were randomized into either the Manipulation or Control Group. Also known as the Laboratory Protocol. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. |
| BG002 | Late Sleep Timing - Manipulation | Group definition: Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Participants were randomized into either the Manipulation or Control Group. Also known as the Laboratory Protocol. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Age (in years) |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants | No |
|
| OG002 | Late Sleep Timing - Manipulation | Group Definition: Participants who report a weekend bedtime >= 1AM and were randomized to the Manipulation group for the Experimental protocol (T2) During the Experimental protocol, the Manipulation group was asked to adhere to the following:
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|
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| Primary | Circadian Timing - Dim Light Melatonin Onset | Circadian Timing as determined by dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) assessed during saliva sampling using the 4pg/ml threshold. | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable data collected during the saliva sampling protocol at T1 overnight visits. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Clock Time (24-hour clock) | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Circadian Alignment | Circadian alignment is operationalized as the interval between the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) and sleep midpoint based on the prior two nights of actigraphy data. | The numbers displayed in this section include the participants with usable data collected during (1) the saliva sampling protocol at T1 overnight visits and (2) the actigraphy protocol in the two nights prior to the T1 visit. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Hours | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. Based on DLMO assessed on weeknight lab overnight visit, and including the two nights of actigraphy data prior to the lab visit. |
|
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|
|
| Primary | Reward Motivation (Behavioral) | Adjusted average pumps on Balloon Analogue Risk Task, a computerized measure of risk taking behavior in participants are presented with a series of balloons and offered the chance to earn money by pumping each balloon up by clicking a button. The adjusted average only includes non-burst trials. | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable behavioral computer task data collected at T1 overnight visits. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Adjusted Average Number of pumps | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
|
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|
|
| Primary | Behavioral Inhibition | Accuracy on Cued Go/No-Go Task, specifically correct response (withholding response) on No-Go trials following an incongruent Go cue | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable behavioral computer task data collected at T1 overnight visits. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Proportion accurate responses out of 1 | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Neural Correlates of Reward Anticipation | Activation within the reward network during the Monetary Incentive Delay task. Specifically, activation is defined as bold signal in regions of the reward network (from NeuroSynth) on reward anticipation trials (large reward) versus neutral (no money) trials. Higher values represent increased reactivity to reward, as compared to neutral trials. | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable fMRI task data collected at the T1 visit. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percent signal change | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Neural Correlates of Reward Receipt | Monetary Incentive Delay Task: Win Outcome vs No Win contrast within the reward network (from Neurosynth). Higher values represent increased reactivity to reward wins, as compared to neutral trials. | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable fMRI task data collected at the T1 visit. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percent signal change | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
|
|
|
|
| Primary | Neural Correlates of Impulse Control | Activation within the Executive Control Network during the Stop Signal Task. Specifically, activation is defined as bold signal in regions of the Executive Control Network on unsuccessful Stop trials versus successful Go trials. Higher values represent increased activity to unsuccessful Stop versus successful Go trials. | The numbers displayed in this section include the usable fMRI task data collected at the T1 visit. Early/Mid Sleep group only assessed at T1. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percent signal change | Overnight visits at end of T1 (1 Week) and T2 (2 Weeks). Always occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday. |
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| Primary | Cannabis Use | Days of cannabis use based on timeline followback interview administered during baseline interview during consent/diagnostic interview visit. | The numbers in this section include all participants who consented, were determined eligible and interested, and started the Laboratory (T1) protocol. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Days of use | Days of cannabis use in 3 months prior to baseline. |
|
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| Primary | Alcohol Use | Days of alcohol use based on timeline followback interview administered during baseline interview during consent/diagnostic interview visit. | The numbers in this section include all participants who consented, were determined eligible and interested, and started the Laboratory (T1) protocol. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Days of use | 3 months prior to baseline, based on timeline followback interview. |
|
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 42 |
| 0 |
| 42 |
| 0 |
| 42 |
| EG001 | Late Sleep Timing - Control | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. For the next ~2 weeks, participants will asked to adhere to the following: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph At the conclusion of the ~2 weeks, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. | 0 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 40 |
| EG002 | Late Sleep Timing - Manipulation | Participants who reported a weekend bedtime ≥ 1 AM. Participants are asked to complete the following during a 7-day baseline period: - Monitor sleep, mood, and substance use via smartphone-based platform and wrist actigraph≥ At the conclusion of the 7 days, participants are asked to complete an overnight visit in the sleep lab. For ~2 weeks, participants will be asked to adhere to the following:
| 0 | 40 | 0 | 40 | 0 | 40 |
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| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoints, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| <0.001 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -0.76 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -1.09 |
| -0.43 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoints, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.067 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -0.43 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.88 |
| 0.03 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoint, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.018 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -6.15 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -11.25 |
| -1.06 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoint, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.660 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -0.10 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.55 |
| 0.35 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoint, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.550 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -0.03 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.11 |
| 0.06 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoint, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.556 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| -0.02 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.10 |
| 0.06 |
| Superiority |
| T2 |
|
|
For Aim 2, this mixed effect model tested the effect of group (Control vs Manipulation) on changes in each a priori outcome, accounting for group, timepoint, and sex. |
| Mixed Models Analysis |
| 0.925 |
| Time X Group interaction |
| 0.00 |
| 2-Sided |
| 95 |
| -0.05 |
| 0.06 |
| Superiority |
| For these Aim 1 analyses comparing the Early/Middle vs Late Sleep groups, the Late Sleep-Control and Late Sleep-Manipulation were combined into a single Late Sleep group. We used a negative binomial GLM to test the effect of group (Early/Mid vs Late) on days of alcohol use, accounting for age and sex. | negative binomial glm | 0.007 | Incident Rate Ratio | 3.29 | 2-Sided | 95 | 1.36 | 7.90 | Early/Middle Sleep group was the reference group (higher IRR indicates greater days of alcohol use in the Late Sleep group than in the Early/Middle Sleep group). | Superiority |