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The study aims to explore risk factors for poor prognosis among patients admitted with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). During a 5-year study period, all patients (aged ≥ 18 years) admitted with CAP at North Zealand Hospital will be invited for inclusion. Questionnaires, anthropometric measures, laboratory tests, and biomaterials will be collected at admission, daily during admission, at discharge and at follow-up. The main clinical outcomes of the study consist of deaths and development of diabetes.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Community-acquired pneumonia | Adults over 18 years old admitted with confirmed community-acquired pneumonia. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No intervention | Other | Obervational |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Number of death from any causes | Assessed through patient files | From date of admission until the day of death from any causes, up to 24 months |
| Number of participants who develop diabetes | Assessed through patient files and the national registers | Up to 24 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Length of hospital stay | Through patient files | Participants will be followed for the duration of hospital stay, an expected average of 5 days |
| Oral glucose tolerance test | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6-month |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Facal sample to assess changes in microbiome | Day 1, 1 month and 6 months | |
| Urine samples to assess metabolomics | Day 1, 1 month and 6 months | |
| Physical activity monitoring (measured by the AX3 accelerometers) |
Inclusion Criteria:
Infiltrate on chest radiograph plus one or more of the following:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Adults (≥18 years) admitted with community-acquired pneumonia
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Camilla Ryrsø, MSc | Contact | +4548293250 | camilla.koch.ryrsoe.01@regionh.dk | |
| Maria Hegelund, MSc | Contact | +4548293250 | maria.hein.hegelund.01@regionh.dk |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Birgitte Lindegaard, Assoc. Prof | Nordsjaellands Hospital | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Department of Pulmonary and Infectious Diseases, Nordsjællands Hospital | Recruiting | Hillerød | 3400 | Denmark |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42332204 | Derived | Ryrso CK, Hegelund MH, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Dungu AM, Ritz C, Olsen MF, Krogh-Madsen R, Lindegaard B. Health-related quality of life in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Sci Rep. 2026 Jun 23. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-59119-0. Online ahead of print. | |
| 38840922 | Derived | Dungu AM, Lundgaard AT, Ryrso CK, Hegelund MH, Jensen AV, Kristensen PL, Krogh-Madsen R, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Ostrowski SR, Banasik K, Lindegaard B. Inflammatory and endothelial host responses in community-acquired pneumonia: exploring the relationships with HbA1c, admission plasma glucose, and glycaemic gap-a cross-sectional study. Front Immunol. 2024 May 22;15:1372300. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1372300. eCollection 2024. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000098968 | Community-Acquired Pneumonia |
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017714 | Community-Acquired Infections |
| D007239 | Infections |
| D011014 | Pneumonia |
| D012141 | Respiratory Tract Infections |
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Whole blood samples Urine samples Fecal samples Airway samples
| Number of participants who are readmitted | Through patient files | Up to 6 months |
| During admission (up to 7 days), 14 days from discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Self-reported physical activity by scoring of the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) | Day 1 |
| Muscle strength (measured by hand grip test) | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 months and 6 months |
| Muscle strength (measured by 30-sec chair stand test) | Day 1 and discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Functional capacity (measured by 6-minutes walking test) | Day 1 and discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Activities of daily living (measured by Barthel100) | Discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| BMI | Weight (kilograms) and height (cm) will be combined to report BMI in kg/m^2 | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Waist circumference (measured in cm) | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Body composition analysis (measured by DEXA scans) | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Body composition analysis (measured by bioimpedance) | Daily during admission, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Nutritional status (measured by NRS2002) | Day 1 |
| Concentration of p-phosphate (mmol/l), p-sodium (mmol/l), p-carbamide (mmol/l), p-potassium (mmol/l) | Blood sampling | Daily during admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Concentration of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, Il-1ra, IL-18, IL-10, TNF-alpha) | Daily during admission, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Immune cell phenotyping to identify cell counts various T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells and monocytes | Flow cytometry on whole blood | Day 1 and discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Concentration of blood lipids | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Scoring of the Charlson Comorbidity Index to predict 10-year survival | Scale ranges from 0 to 33 points to predict survival (%) | Day 1 |
| Oral status (determined by revised oral assessment guide) | Day 1 |
| Dysphagia screening (eating assessment tool 10) | Day 1 |
| Quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Glycemic control during oral glucose tolerance test | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Glucagon concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Insulin concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| C-peptide concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| GLP-1 concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| GLP-2 concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| GIP concentration during oral glucose tolerance test | Blood sampling | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Insulin sensitivity index (Matsuda) based on oral glucose tolerance test | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Insulin secretion index based on oral glucose tolerance test | Day 1, discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Concentration of galectin-3 (ng/ml), sST2 (ng/ml), and troponins (ng/ml) | Blood sampling | Daily during admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Concentration of NT-proBNP (ng/l) | Blood sampling | Daily during admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Z-value of left ventricle (LV) out of echocardiography | Z-value LV | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Z-value of right ventricle (RV) out of echocardiography | Z-value RV | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Z-value of left atrium (LA) out of echocardiography | Z-value LA | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Shortening fraction (SF) measured in echocardiography | SF (%) | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Ejection fraction (EF) measured in echocardiography | EF (%) | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Valvular insufficiency measured in echocardiography | Aorta valve regurgitation, pulmonary valve regurgitation, tricuspid valve regurgitation and mitral valve regurgitation (no, minimal, moderate, severe) | Discharge (an average of 5 days), 1 month and 6 months |
| Heart rate of 12-lead resting ECG | bpm | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| Rhythm during 12-lead resting ECG | Sinus rhythm yes/no | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| Axis of the QRS complex out of the 12-lead resting ECG | Degree | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| Duration of PQ interval out of the 12-lead resting ECG | ms | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| Duration of the QRS complex out of the 12-lead resting ECG | ms | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| Number of cardiac events | Assessed through patient files and the national registers | From date of admission up to 24 months |
| Sputum samples to assess glucose and lactate concentration (measured by ABL) | On admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Sputum samples to evaluate drug resistance and O2 content | On admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Forced vital capacity (FVC) during spirometry | Litre | Discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) during spirometry | Litre | Discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| FEV1% predicted during spirometry | Discharge (an average of 5 days) |
| Chest x-ray to image inflammation of the lungs | On admission, 1 month and 6 months |
| Early Warning Score (EWS) to identify patients at risk of deterioration in hospital | Daily during admission (up to 5 days) |
| HbA1c to assess the average blood glucose levels 3 months before admission | Day 1 |
| 36362554 | Derived | Ryrso CK, Hegelund MH, Dungu AM, Faurholt-Jepsen D, Pedersen BK, Ritz C, Krogh-Madsen R, Lindegaard B. Association between Barthel Index, Grip Strength, and Physical Activity Level at Admission and Prognosis in Community-Acquired Pneumonia: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Clin Med. 2022 Oct 27;11(21):6326. doi: 10.3390/jcm11216326. |
| D012140 |
| Respiratory Tract Diseases |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D001519 | Behavior |