The purpose of this study is to investigate the cognitive performance after pediatric live transplantation.

During the last 20 years, survival rates after pediatric liver transplantation (Ltx) have increased steadily. Today, pediatric Ltx is a well-established treatment for a variety of liver diseases in their final stage. Even in relative indications (i.e. certain metabolic diseases), liver transplantation is a promising treatment option that actually is becoming increasingly important in clinical practice .

Importantly, childhood cognitive ability is highly predictive for educational achievement and later occupational outcomes as well as health behavior . Current research indicates that liver transplanted children are at higher risk for developing cognitive deficits compared to the age-matched normal population .

The aim of present study is to evaluate the cognitive development after pediatric liver transplantation. The investigators expect to understand of the association between cognitive deficits and certain disease-related variables, which may be contribute to optimizing clinical care of these patients.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Pediatric patients accepted Live Transplantation before 12 month, and now age between 2 and 7 years;
2. residency in China;
3. sufficient Chinese language skills;
4. at least 1 year post-Ltx;
5. no acute diseases;
6. no mental handicap.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Re-transplantation
2. Patients with localized or systemic infection
3. Patients cor-morbid with auto-immune disease
4. Combined liver and kidney transplantation
5. Lack of informed consent

Chinese

The study chooses children who underwent pediatric Ltx before 12 month at RenJi Hospital , Chinese, now age before 2 and 7 years . Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age between2 and7 years, (2) residency in China, (3) sufficient Chinese language skills, (4) at least 1 year post-Ltx, (5) no acute diseases and (6) no mental handicap.