Sedation management of the critically ill patients is still a challenge for the pediatric intensivists. Worldwide the most common sedation approach includes the concomitant use of opioids and benzodiazepines. The use of these drugs is associated with adverse events contributing with morbidity, such as decreased spontaneous ventilation, withdrawal syndrome and delirium onset. Moreover, benzodiazepine demonstrated a neurotoxic apoptotic effect that could potentially impact neurocognitive outcome.

Dexmedetomidine (DEX) is a selective alpha-2-adrenergic agonist with sedative, analgesic and anxiolytic effects. Its unique pharmacological profile allows reaching a conscious sedation state with minimal respiratory depression, promoting faster ventilation weaning and better collaboration with the medical staff. Moreover, DEX seems to present adjuvant properties towards withdrawal syndrome and delirium. Finally, some studies in animals suggested that Dexmedetomidine might have a role of neuro-protection, especially in a contest of cerebral ischemia.

Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved DEX only for the adult population and for sedation lasting not more than 24 hours. The Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), in January 2016, approve DEX in children for specific indications including difficult sedation in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Up to now, few data are still available regarding its efficacy and safety for prolonged sedation in Pediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs) and no studies have reported the use of DEX after AIFA's approval so far.

Aims of the study are:

to evaluate the characteristics of DEX use for prolonged sedation ≥24 hours in critically ill children (indication, dosages, time of infusion, time of infusion weaning, association with other drugs); to evaluate its efficacy in terms of comfort and conventional drug sparing, using standardized and validate measures; further, to evaluate its efficacy in terms of reduction of incidence of withdrawal syndrome and delirium; to evaluate its safety profile collecting any adverse event potentially correlated with its administration; to define if efficacy and safety could differ among approved indications versus not-approved ones.

Design: Multicenter observational prospective study, involving tertiary-care PICUs.

Study period: From January 2016 up to reaching of the calculated sample size (N patients =163).

Population: All critically ill patients <18 years who received prolonged sedation including DEX for ≥24 hours. In case of multiple infusions, only data regarding the first infusion will be included. Exclusion criteria: extreme prematurity (<28 weeks of gestational age), hypersensitivity to the active substance, incomplete data form. .

Collecting data strategy: Data will be prospectively collected from each Institution by means of a anonymous standardized form completed by two different investigators per center. For each patient, the following variables will be collected:

demographics characteristics (age, gender, race, weight) and clinical features (main diagnosis, associated morbidities, PIM3 score ad admission, number of high intensity interventions during PICU-stay, mechanical ventilation features, inotropic drugs use, length of stay, survival at discharge); DEX administration characteristics (indication, loading dose, minimum and maximum dosages, duration of DEX infusion, duration of DEX infusion weaning) and information on concomitant use of analgesics or sedative drugs (name of drugs and respective dosages at DEX starting time and 24 hours later); clinical scores of analgesia and sedation (Comfort Behavior Scale, CBS), withdrawal syndrome (Withdrawal Assessment Toll-1, WAT-1) and delirium (Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium, CAPD) depending on the respective indication, registered immediate pre-DEX and 24 hours later; any adverse event potentially related to DEX administration and any related intervention, if present. In particular, we the investigators evaluate if bradycardia, hypotension (with or without poor perfusion), hypertension, agitations or other events are registered during the infusion. Further, investigators will register if any sign of DEX withdrawal (tachycardia, hypertension, agitation, other) are present immediately after the infusion.

Statistical analysis: Descriptive and analytic statistics will be performed according with the variable characteristics. A causal multivariate model will be developed to identify any significant risk or protective factors towards adverse outcomes (ineffective sedation, onset of adverse events).

Inclusion Criteria:

• age <18 years
• admission to PICU
• sedation with dexmedetomidine lasted more than 24 hours
• written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• extreme prematurity (<28 weeks of gestational age)
• hypersensitivity to the active substance
• incomplete data regarding outcome measures

Critically ill children admitted to PICU