Healthy Living Messages are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care. Randomized participants were assigned 1:1 to E-PST or HLM.

E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training. Non-randomized participants were assigned to E-PST only.

An 8-item checklist of self-perceived cognitive abilities over the past week, developed as part of the National Institute of Health's Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 27-64.8) with higher scores signaling higher perceived cognitive abilities. The T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy individuals) with a standard deviation of 10.

A brief test of verbal learning, recall, and recognition. Participants are read a word list over 3 learning trials, and are asked to recall as many words as possible after a 25-minute delay. Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 20 to 80), with higher scores signaling better verbal memory performance. The T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age-matched individuals) with a standard deviation of 10.

A brief verbal attention test. Participants are presented with a sequence of digits and asked to repeat them forward and backward. Raw scores are converted to scaled scores (range = 1-19) with corresponding percentile ranks (range = 1 to 99); higher scaled scores and percentile ranks signal better overall performance.

A 9-item measure of cognitive, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms validated for use in primary care. Scores range from 0 to 27, with lower scores signaling lower mood symptoms.

A 20-item measure of DSM-5 symptoms related to trauma, organized over re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and cognitive/mood domains. Score range from 0-80, with lower scores signaling less severe PTSD symptoms.

A 3-item measure of the frequency and severity of alcohol intake over the past year. Scores range from 0 to 12, with lower scores signaling less overall alcohol consumption.

A 17-item measure of substance misuse and associated functional impairment. The Use subscale score ranges from 0-12, with lower scores signaling no (0) or relatively lower substance use.

A 3-item pain assessment that has been validated for use in VA patients. Respondents are asked to report their average level of pain, the average impact of pain on their ability to enjoy life, and the average level of interference on daily activities on a scale of 0 to 10. Ratings on each domain are averaged to calculate a composite score, which ranges from 0 to 10, with lower scores signaling lower overall pain.

A 7-point single-item rating scale that asks patients to rate their overall impression of response to treatment. Ratings range from "no change" to "a great deal better." Ratings range from 0 to 7, with higher ratings signaling greater perceived change in response to treatment. Because ratings are only collected after receiving a given treatment, baseline values are not collected.

A 26-item abbreviated version of the full-length WHOQOL measure that evaluates disability and quality of life in domains such as social relationships, physical and mental health, and satisfaction with person-environment interactions. Raw scores are averaged to compute domain scores (range = 4-20), with higher scores signaling an overall higher quality of life.

Healthy Living Messages (Control) arm. Healthy Living Messages (HLM) are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care. Randomized participants were assigned 1:1 to E-PST or HLM.

Healthy Living Messages: Healthy Living Messages are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST) arm. E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training. Non-randomized participants were assigned to E-PST only.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST): E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training.

Total of all reporting groups

Healthy Living Messages (Control) arm. Healthy Living Messages are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care. Randomized participants were assigned 1:1 to E-PST or HLM.

Healthy Living Messages: Healthy Living Messages are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST) arm. E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training. Non-randomized participants were assigned to E-PST only.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST): E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training.

An 8-item checklist of general cognitive concerns over the past week. Items were generated and validated as part of the National Institute of Health's Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 23.3-62.7), with higher scores signaling relatively fewer cognitive concerns. The T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy individuals) with a standard deviation of 10.

Randomized participants

An 8-item checklist of self-perceived cognitive abilities over the past week, developed as part of the National Institute of Health's Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS). Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 27-64.8) with higher scores signaling higher perceived cognitive abilities. The T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy individuals) with a standard deviation of 10.

Randomized participants

A brief test of verbal learning, recall, and recognition. Participants are read a word list over 3 learning trials, and are asked to recall as many words as possible after a 25-minute delay. Raw scores are converted to T-scores (range = 20 to 80), with higher scores signaling better verbal memory performance. The T-score indicates the number of standard deviations away from the mean. A T-score of 50 is equal to the mean of a reference population (i.e., healthy, age-matched individuals) with a standard deviation of 10.

Randomized participants

A brief verbal attention test. Participants are presented with a sequence of digits and asked to repeat them forward and backward. Raw scores are converted to scaled scores (range = 1-19) with corresponding percentile ranks (range = 1 to 99); higher scaled scores and percentile ranks signal better overall performance.

Randomized participants

A 9-item measure of cognitive, affective, and somatic depressive symptoms validated for use in primary care. Scores range from 0 to 27, with lower scores signaling lower mood symptoms.

All participants

A 20-item measure of DSM-5 symptoms related to trauma, organized over re-experiencing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and cognitive/mood domains. Score range from 0-80, with lower scores signaling less severe PTSD symptoms.

Randomized participants

A 3-item measure of the frequency and severity of alcohol intake over the past year. Scores range from 0 to 12, with lower scores signaling less overall alcohol consumption.

Randomized participants

A 17-item measure of substance misuse and associated functional impairment. The Use subscale score ranges from 0-12, with lower scores signaling no (0) or relatively lower substance use.

Randomized participants

A 3-item pain assessment that has been validated for use in VA patients. Respondents are asked to report their average level of pain, the average impact of pain on their ability to enjoy life, and the average level of interference on daily activities on a scale of 0 to 10. Ratings on each domain are averaged to calculate a composite score, which ranges from 0 to 10, with lower scores signaling lower overall pain.

Randomized participants

A 7-point single-item rating scale that asks patients to rate their overall impression of response to treatment. Ratings range from "no change" to "a great deal better." Ratings range from 0 to 7, with higher ratings signaling greater perceived change in response to treatment. Because ratings are only collected after receiving a given treatment, baseline values are not collected.

Randomized participants

A 26-item abbreviated version of the full-length WHOQOL measure that evaluates disability and quality of life in domains such as social relationships, physical and mental health, and satisfaction with person-environment interactions. Raw scores are averaged to compute domain scores (range = 4-20), with higher scores signaling an overall higher quality of life.

Randomized participants

A 22-item checklist of affective, cognitive, and somatosensory symptoms commonly reported after concussion. Scores range from0 to 88, with lower scores signaling lower overall symptom reports.

Randomized participants

Healthy Living Messages (Control) arm. Healthy Living Messages (HLM) are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care. Randomized participants were assigned 1:1 to E-PST or HLM.

Healthy Living Messages: Healthy Living Messages are primary care-congruent messages that consist of simple advice regarding general health behaviors and preventive care.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST) arm. E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training. Non-randomized participants were assigned to E-PST only.

Enhanced Problem-Solving Training (E-PST): E-PST is a combined treatment that is comprised of brief problem-solving training and compensatory cognitive skills training.

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