BOOST3 is a randomized clinical trial to determine the comparative effectiveness of two strategies for monitoring and treating patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the intensive care unit (ICU). The study will determine the safety and efficacy of a strategy guided by treatment goals based on both intracranial pressure (ICP) and brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2) as compared to a strategy guided by treatment goals based on ICP monitoring alone. Both of these alternative strategies are used in standard care. It is unknown if one is more effective than the other. In both strategies the monitoring and goals help doctors adjust treatments including the kinds and doses of medications and the amount of intravenous fluids given, ventilator (breathing machine) settings, need for blood transfusions, and other medical care. The results of this study will help doctors discover if one of these methods is more safe and effective.

BOOST3 is a randomized clinical trial to determine the comparative effectiveness of two strategies for monitoring and treating patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the intensive care unit (ICU).

When a person has a TBI, their injured brain can swell over a period of hours or days. If the brain swells too much, the pressure in the skull increases and becomes dangerous, causing further injury to the brain. To try to prevent this, doctors usually insert a device, an ICP monitor, into the brain through a hole in the skull of people with severe TBI. An ICP monitor measures the pressure inside the skull. Most doctors agree that it is important to measure and prevent high ICP. Patients with injured brains also suffer additional injury to the brain if the amount of oxygen in the brain gets too low. Some doctors also insert a second device, a PbtO2 monitor, in the brain through the same or a second hole in the skull to measure brain tissue oxygen. A PbtO2 monitor measures how much oxygen is in a small area of the brain near the tip of the monitor. Other doctors think this is unnecessary and unhelpful. Both monitoring devices are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Health Canada for patients with TBI. Both are commonly used. The ICP and PbtO2 goals guided by these monitors are used to help doctors adjust their treatment choices. Treatments include kinds and doses of medications and the amount of intravenous fluids given, ventilator (breathing machine) settings, need for blood transfusions, and other medical care. Each of these treatment decisions is intended to improve outcomes. However, each treatment decision also involves potential risks. Different treatment decisions may result in different risks. This study will also help doctors better understand these risks. This study is funded by the National Institutes of Health because it answers questions important to the care of patients with TBI.

This study is a two-arm, single-blind, randomized, controlled, phase III, multi-center trial of ICU monitoring and treatment strategies for patients with severe TBI. It will compare the efficacy of ICU care guided by PbtO2 and ICP monitoring versus monitoring of ICP alone in the first 5 days after injury. Only subjects who have severe TBI and require invasive monitoring, according to Brain Trauma Foundation (BTF) and American College of Surgeons-Trauma Quality Improvement (ACS TQIP) guidelines, will be enrolled. All participants in this study will have both ICP monitors and PbtO2 monitors. Half of the participants will be randomized to an arm that includes treatment informed by PbtO2 and ICP, and half will be randomized to an arm that treats only ICP.

The PbtO2 values of those in the ICP only arm will be masked, so that the treating physicians will not be guided by PbtO2 information. Participants in the PbtO2 and ICP arm will have PbtO2 monitored and low measurements treated. Treatments to address physiological goals in both arms will follow a clinical standardization plan. Participants will be followed for 6 months and occurrence of serious adverse events or death will be recorded. Participants will have a follow-up interview to assess their level of recovery approximately 6 months post injury.

To reduce the likelihood of imbalance of important prognostic factors between groups, a covariate-adjusted randomization scheme will be used in this study. Adjustment variables are clinical site and probability of a poor outcome as defined by the IMPACT core model.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Non-penetrating traumatic brain injury
• Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 3-8 measured off paralytics
• Glasgow Coma Scale motor score < 6 if endotracheally intubated
• Evidence of intracranial trauma on CT scan
• Able to place intracranial probes and randomize within 6 hours of arrival at enrolling hospital
• Able to place intracranial probes and randomize within 12 hours from injury
• Age greater than or equal to 14 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non-survivable injury
• Bilaterally absent pupillary response in the absence of paralytic medication
• Contraindication to the placement of intracranial probes
• Treatment of brain tissue oxygen values prior to randomization
• Planned use of devices which may unblind treating physicians to brain tissue hypoxia
• Systemic sepsis at screening
• Refractory hypotension
• Refractory systemic hypoxia
• PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 150
• Known pre-existing neurologic disease with confounding residual neurological deficits
• Known inability to perform activities of daily living (ADL) without assistance prior to injury
• Known active drug or alcohol dependence that, in the opinion of site investigator, would interfere with physiological response to brain tissue oxygen treatments
• Pregnancy
• Prisoner
• On EFIC Opt-Out list as indicated by a bracelet or medical alert

1 year after publication on main outcome results paper

The outcomes assessors will be blinded to the treatment assignment of the participant.