Bronchiectasis is a long-term lung condition where the airways become abnormally enlarged, leading to a build-up of mucus and inflammation that makes the lungs more susceptible to recurrent infection. Patients with bronchiectasis have subtle abnormalities in the way their airway cells respond to infection that are, in part, responsible for the development of their condition. At present there are no licensed treatments for bronchiectasis.

This study will aim to characterise in depth some of these abnormalities with a view to future studies that will try to develop treatments that can directly target those abnormalities at a molecular level.

Patients known to have bronchiectasis who have provided written informed consent will be enrolled alongside healthy volunteers and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis, for comparison. Participants will give a blood sample and have a bronchoscopy. This is a thin telescopic tube, passed through the nose or mouth, under sedation, into the airways that will allow a sample of bronchial epithelial cells to be taken.

The main objective of the study is to achieve a greater understanding of some of the key biological processes/pathways and disease marker genes that play a role in the development of bronchiectasis. This is important because, at present, little is known about the underlying disease mechanisms and there are no licensed treatments for bronchiectasis.

The investigator's hope this in-depth characterisation of specific bronchial epithelial cell abnormalities in bronchiectasis will shed light on novel targets for future drug discovery.

Inclusion Criteria:

Bronchiectasis participants

1. Confirmed HRCT diagnosis of bronchiectasis in more than 1 lobe
2. Bronchiectasis not attributable to another cause, e.g. cystic fibrosis/ABPA/PCD
3. Absence of significant emphysema, COPD or asthma
4. Have provided written informed consent that they are willing to participate in the study prior to sample collection

COPD participants (disease controls)

1. Confirmed diagnosis of COPD according to GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease) criteria (FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70)
2. Absence of significant bronchiectasis on HRCT
3. Have provided written informed consent that they are willing to participate in the study prior to sample collection

Cystic fibrosis participants (disease controls)

1. Have a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
2. Have provided written informed consent that they are willing to participate in the study prior to sample collection

Healthy controls

1. No history or diagnosis of clinically significant lung disease
2. Be a non-smoker for > 1 year at screening and have < 5 pack year history of smoking
3. Have provided written informed consent that they are willing to participate in the study prior to sample collection

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Any clinically significant acute illness, including recent exacerbation of lung disease requiring treatment with oral or intravenous antibiotics, in 6 weeks prior to screening
2. Any contraindication to safe bronchoscopy as judged by CI or clinical team (FEV1 < 30% predicted, oxygen saturations < 92% on room air etc.)
3. Any clinically significant bleeding disorder or use of anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy that could place participants at risk of bleeding
4. Any contraindication to sedation or local anaesthetic medications used for bronchoscopy
5. Current smoking within 6 months prior to screening (defined as someone who has smoked at least one cigarette per day (or pipe, cigar, or cannabis) for ≥ 30 days within 6 months prior to screening)
6. Acute MI, acute stroke or major surgery within 6 months prior to screening
7. History of uncontrolled ischaemic heart disease that place participants at risk during bronchoscopy
8. History of ventilatory failure or hypercapnia that may complicate bronchoscopy
9. Any known active tuberculous or non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection
10. Any use of oral corticosteroids within 4 weeks of screening
11. Any systemic immunomodulatory or immunosuppressive therapy within 3 months of screening
12. Known current malignancy or current evaluation for a potential malignancy
13. Any other clinically significant medical disease that is uncontrolled despite treatment, that is likely, in the opinion of the investigators, to impact the patient's ability to safely participate in the study

Secondary care respiratory clinics