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This study explores the effectiveness of a brief Imagery-focussed Cognitive Therapy (imCT) compared to psychoeducation, regarded as treatment as usual for this patient population, in patients suffering from BD receiving mood stabilising medication. ImCT was successfully tested in a pilot study using a case series design. The investigators now elaborate on this study comparing effectiveness of the intervention to psychoeducation/TAU.
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental health illness affecting 1.9% to 2.4% of the population and is associated with high inter episode distress, ongoing mood swings (mood variability), high suicide risks and high co-morbidity (especially anxiety). 50% of patients do not recover within one year, and only 25% of patients achieve full recovery of function, despite receiving the recommended lead intervention consisting of pharmacotherapy (mood stabilisers such as lithium). Added psychoeducation and cognitive behavioural interventions (CBT) have only modest effects. Overall there is consensus for the need to update CBT and increase its effectiveness, aimed at not only managing symptoms but also targeting perpetuating or precipitating factors influencing symptoms, especially mood variability.
Recent studies suggest that patients with BD experience more vivid, compelling and upsetting mental images compared to patients suffering from unipolar depression and healthy controls and that this may contribute to or even maintain their clinical difficulties. That is, imagery in experimental research has proven to have a stronger effect on mood changes than verbal cognitions. The amplified imagery vividness of patients suffering from BD might therefore precipitate or perpetuate their mood variability. In many other mental health problems imagery interventions as a stand-alone intervention, or added to regular CBT, are offered with the aim to decrease imagery vividness or modify/update appraisals of imagery. In BD patients such interventions, therefore, might also target important precipitating or perpetuating factors influencing their mood problems.
This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a brief Imagery-focussed Cognitive Therapy (imCT) compared to psychoeducation, regarded as treatment as usual for this patient population, in patients suffering from BD receiving mood stabilising medication. ImCT was successfully tested in a pilot study using a case series design. The investigators now elaborate on this study comparing effectiveness of the intervention to psychoeducation/TAU. The investigators hypothesise that (1a) mood variability (primary outcome variable) and (1b) symptoms of depression, mania and anxiety (secondary outcome variables) show stronger decreases in BD patients receiving imCT than in patients receiving psychoeducation/TAU. Moreover, (2) in the imCT group this effect is expected to be mediated by changes in imagery which is targeted during this intervention (target imagery). The investigators also hypothese that (3) imagery frequency and compellingness and vividness of imagery reduce more in the imCT group than in the group receiving psychoeducation/TAU. The primary outcome variable, mood variability, is calculated using daily mood measurements, during a 4-week baseline, during the invention and after the end of intervention until follow up at 16 weeks, in both imCT and psychoeducation/TAU. Most secondary outcome variables are assessed using weekly online questionnaires, pre-and post intervention and at 8 and 16 weeks follow-up, anxiety is calculated both weekly online and using daily measurements (see below).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| psychoeducation/TAU | Active Comparator | TAU consists of psycho-education for a period of 12 weeks, consisting of 6 2-hour sessions. Psycho-education is offered in groups, |
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| imCT intervention | Experimental | For a period of 12 weeks, 12 1-hour sessions of imagery-focused Cognitive Therapy delivered weekly by a trained therapists, divided in an in depth identification (4 sessions) of images followed by imagery interventions, (6 sessions) and a consolidation phase (2 sessions). |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| imagery-focused Cognitive Therapy | Other | In depth identification phase: Therapists and patient collaboratively map out difficulties and pinpoint a treatment focus. Imagery interventions: The imagery intervention consists of metacognitive imagery rescripting or promoting positive imagery or competing tasks (or a combination of these). Consolidation: Consist of fine tuning the strategies, relapse prevention using a video diary. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Mood variability to follow up at 16 weeks after end of intervention | Mood variability is measured using the Affect Lability Score Short Version (ALS-18; Oliver & Simons, 2004). The ALS-18 is a self-report scale measuring lability in affect and consists of 18 items. Ratings are made on a 4-point scale with a maximum score of 72. Scores range from A= very characteristic of me (4 points), to D= very uncharacteristic of me (1 point). | The ALS-18 is administered at T0, after 4 weeks baseline at T1, after the end of intervention (12 weeks in the ImCT condition, and 6 weeks in the psychoeducation condition) T2, 8 weeks after the end of intervention T3, and after 16 weeks follow up -T4. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Level of depression to follow up at to follow up at 16 weeks | - Level of depression, using the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (QIDS-SR) (Rush et al., 2003). The QIDS-SR is a 16-item self-report rating scale in which the nine DSM 5 symptoms of major depression are incorporated. Answers are rated on a four-point Likert scale (0-3). | measured weekly throughout the duration of the study in both groups (32 weeks imCT and 26 weeks psychoeducation/TAU). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| General Imagery (frequency of imagery, quality of imagery and appraisals of imagery): | This measured using a 42-item online Imagery Survey recently validated in a student sample, and presently used in an on-going current study comparing imagery aspects between patients suffering from BD, patients suffering from unipolar depression and imagery prone students without a present disorder. This is further assessed using the Mental Imagery and Coping with Bipolar Disorder Questionnaire (MICQ-BD) is a 14 item self-report instrument assessing patient's response to mental imagery on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "not at all" to "a lot". In a pilot study Holmes (2016) calculated the internal conconsistency (alpha = .70) of this measure to be satisfactory (DiSimplicio et al., 2016). |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| karin van den Berg | Maastricht University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Centrum Bipolair, GGzE | Eindhoven | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36206888 | Derived | van den Berg KC, Hendrickson AT, Hales SA, Voncken M, Keijsers GPJ. Comparing the effectiveness of imagery focussed cognitive therapy to group psychoeducation for patients with bipolar disorder: A randomised trial. J Affect Disord. 2023 Jan 1;320:691-700. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.160. Epub 2022 Oct 5. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Applications of time-series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation: a case series | View source |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 1, 2018 | Nov 19, 2018 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001714 | Bipolar Disorder |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000068105 | Bipolar and Related Disorders |
| D019964 | Mood Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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Between groups, comparing Imagery-Focussed therapy with psychoeducation/TAU/within group, comparing baseline phase with treatment phase.
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| TAU | Other | Psycho-education is offered in groups, using the format described by Honig (Postma, Honig, & van Gent, 2008). |
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| Change from baseline level of mania to follow up at 16 weeks | - Level of mania, using the Altman Self-Rating Mania Scale (ASRM-NL) (Altman, Hedekker, & Peterson, 1997). The ASRM-NL is a 5 item self-report instrument to measure severity of mania symptoms. Answers are rated on a 5-point Likert scale, where higher scores indicate higher levels of mania. Total score ranges from 0 to 20, with a cut off score of 5 or more indicating relapse into mania. | measured weekly throughout the duration of the study in both groups ( 32 weeks imCT and 26 weekspsychoeducation/TAU). |
| Change from baseline level of anxiety to follow up at 16 weeks | - Level of anxiety, using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Osman, Barrios, Aukes, Osman, & Markway, 1993). The BAI is a 21-item self-report questionnaire used for measuring the severity of anxiety. Answers are rated on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). Total scores range from o to 63, where scores of 22 or more indicate moderate anxiety, 36 or more concerning levels of anxiety. | measured both daily and weekly throughout the duration of the study in both groups (32 weeks imCT and 26 weeks psychoeducation/TAU) |
| Change from baseline level of hopelessness to follow up at 16 weeks follow up | participants rate their hopelessness using the Beck Hopelessness Scale (Beck, Brown, & Steer, 1997), The BHS is a 20 item self-report scale measuring three aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, motivation and expectations. The BHS demonstrates good internal consistency (alpha = .93) and has high reliability in psychiatric samples (Beck et al., 1997) | measured at baseline (T0), after 4 weeks pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention after 6 weeks in the psychoeduc condition and 12 weeks in the ImCT condition (T2) and at follow up at 8 weeks (T3) and at 16 weeks (T4). |
| Change from baseline level of general functioning and coping to follow up at 16 weeks | Participants rate their level of functioning using the Longitudinal Interval Follow up Evaluation - Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (Leon, et al., 1999). This is a brief scale for people suffering from affective disorders, measuring four different functional areas (employment, interpersonal relations, satisfaction and recreation) on a 5 point Likert scale (low rating imply higher functioning). | Participants rate their level of functioning at baseline (T0), after 4 weeks pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention12 weeks in the ImCT condition and 6 weeks in the psychoeducation condition (T2) and at follow up at 8 weeks (T3) and at 16 weeks (T4). |
| Change from baseline level of mood variability to follow up at 16 weeks | Mood variability, using daily measurements of both mania and depression with the National Institute of Mental Health Life Chart Methodology (NIMH-LCM) Prospective Self-Rating (Denicoff et al., 2000; Leverich and Post, 1998). Participants rate their mood (both mania and depression) on a 11-point likert scale, ranging from -4 (severe depression, admission required due to severe dysfunction) to 0 (stable mood) to +4 (severe mania, admission required due to severe dysfunction). | Daily measurements throughout the duration of the study, 32 weeks for the participants in the ImCT condition and 26 weeks for the participants in the psychoeducation condition |
| Change from baseline level of anxiety to follow up at 16 weeks | Anxiety is measured on a VAS scale indicating no anxiety (1) to severe anxiety (4). | Daily measurements throughout the duration of the study, 32 weeks for the participants in the ImCT condition and 26 weeks for the participants in the psychoeducation condition |
| administered at T0, after 4 weeks baseline at T1, after the end of intervention (12 weeks in the ImCT condition, and 6 weeks in the psychoeducation condition) T2, 8 weeks after the end of intervention T3, and after 16 weeks follow up -T4. |
| Ratings of target imagery (moderator) | Changes in target imagery are measured in order to test if reductions in moodvariablity compared to baseline (i.e. the primary objective) are mediated by reductions in levels of problematic imagery during treatment. The Visual Analogue Scales of Imagery Characteristics (VAS Imagery) have been tailored to BD population rating on a scale 0-9, for example such as: "How real / vivid / absorbing / preoccupying / compelling have your image(s) been over the past week'"; "To which extent could you understand the role that the image(s) play in your mood instability?"; "To which extent could you find positive / helpful way of using the image(s)?". Target imagery is measured weekly throughout the duration of the study in the imCT group. | Measured weekly throughout the study for 32 weeks in the ImCT condition and 26 weeks in the psychoeducation condition |
| General Imagery | Changes in general imagery are measured using the Mental Imagery and Coping with Bipolar Disorder Questionnaire (MICQ-BD) is a 14 item self-report instrument assessing patient's response to mental imagery on a five-point Likert scale, ranging from "not at all" to "a lot". In a pilot study Holmes (2016) calculated the internal conconsistency (alpha = .70) of this measure to be satisfactory (DiSimplicio et al., 2016). | administered at T0, after 4 weeks baseline at T1, after the end of intervention (12 weeks in the ImCT condition, and 6 weeks in the psychoeducation condition) T2, 8 weeks after the end of intervention T3, and after 16 weeks follow up -T4. |
| An investigation of mental imagery in bipolar disorder: Exploring "the mind's eye". | View source |
| Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder Revised third edition recommendations from the British. | View source |
| Mental imagery as an emotional amplifier: application to bipolar disorder | View source |