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Nasotracheal intubation can cause injury and hemorrhage of nasal mucosa and nasal alar. The investigators measure the actual pressure at the angle between nasotracheal tube and nasal alar, analyze the relationship of clinical signs and symptoms to build up optimal clinical routines.
While assisting ventilation during general anesthesia or other reasons, patients are often intubated with endotracheal tube to secure airway. Endotracheal tube can be placed trans-orally or trans-nasally according to surgical conditions, anatomical considerations and nursing needs. Except inadequate cuff pressure related complication, nasotracheal intubation can cause dysfunction of nasal mucosal cilia, injury and hemorrhage of nasal mucosa, turbinate avulsion, obstruction of nasal airway, sinusitis and compression and injury of nasal alar, resulting in local erythema, ischemia, pressure sore, necrosis, tissue damage and may affect appearance.
Previous studies focus on the process of nasal tracheal intubation, aim to reduce mucosal injury and hemorrhage via specific intubation tool, special endotracheal tube design, lubricant and so on. However, evidences in preventing nasal alar injury are limited, in which injuries are mostly prevented by self-made special endotracheal tube and artificial leather. In general, the etiology of tissue damage is compression pressure exceeding local capillary perfusion pressure, resulting in reduced perfusion, ischemia and necrosis. Clinically, health providers prevent the injury by standardized endotracheal tube fixation and/or artificial leather at sites with potential compression. But the extend of the effect of endotracheal tube to trachea mucosa varies, range of pressure affecting capillary perfusion pressure are not yet defined, and no routine monitoring for dermis compression. Thus, endotracheal tube related skin damage is an important clinical issue without best standard operating procedure.
In this study, the investigators will place a pressure sensor at the angle of nasotracheal tube, measure the actual pressure, define the sites of compression and its pressure, analyze the relationship of clinical signs and symptoms, pressure, and duration of nasotracheal intubation, and build up optimal clinical routines.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal intubation with pressure sensor | anesthetized patient with nasotracheal intubation |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pressure sensor | Device | Pressure sensor at the angle of intratracheal tube and nasal alar |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| appearance of nose | intact or redness ; if redness then, go through NPUAP classification | from induction to one day after surgery |
| VAS | Patient's VISUAL ANALOG SCALE (VAS) for pain of the nose after surgery: no pain (0 - 4 mm), mild pain (5- 44mm), moderate pain (45-74 mm), and severe pain (75-100 mm) | from induction to one day after surgery |
| pressure between nose and intratracheal tube | pressure between nose and intratracheal tube detected by pressure sensors | during intubation |
| NPUAP classification | The National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel stage | from induction to one day after surgery |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Patients undergo general anesthesia and receive intratracheal intubation through nose
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Chien-Chung Huang, MD | Mackay Memorial Hospital | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MacKay Memorial Hospital | Taipei | 104 | Taiwan |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6423162 | Result | Seegobin RD, van Hasselt GL. Endotracheal cuff pressure and tracheal mucosal blood flow: endoscopic study of effects of four large volume cuffs. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1984 Mar 31;288(6422):965-8. doi: 10.1136/bmj.288.6422.965. | |
| 27546768 | Result | Schneider J, Mulale U, Yamout S, Pollard S, Silver P. Impact of monitoring endotracheal tube cuff leak pressure on postextubation stridor in children. J Crit Care. 2016 Dec;36:173-177. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2016.06.033. Epub 2016 Jul 9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003668 | Pressure Ulcer |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012883 | Skin Ulcer |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
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| 25422605 | Result | Al-Metwalli RR, Sadek S. Safety and reliability of the sealing cuff pressure of the Microcuff pediatric tracheal tube for prevention of post-extubation morbidity in children: A comparative study. Saudi J Anaesth. 2014 Oct;8(4):484-8. doi: 10.4103/1658-354X.140856. |
| 24917452 | Result | Bolzan DW, Gomes WJ, Peixoto TC, Faresin SM, Carvalho AC, De Paola AA, Guizilini S. Clinical use of the volume-time curve for endotracheal tube cuff management. Respir Care. 2014 Nov;59(11):1628-35. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02683. Epub 2014 Jun 10. |
| 434545 | Result | Bernhard WN, Cottrell JE, Sivakumaran C, Patel K, Yost L, Turndorf H. Adjustment of intracuff pressure to prevent aspiration. Anesthesiology. 1979 Apr;50(4):363-6. doi: 10.1097/00000542-197904000-00018. No abstract available. |
| 3606919 | Result | Elwany S, Mekhamer A. Effect of nasotracheal intubation on nasal mucociliary clearance. Br J Anaesth. 1987 Jun;59(6):755-9. doi: 10.1093/bja/59.6.755. |
| 15844505 | Result | Neves-Pinto RM, Carvalho A, Araujo E, Alberto C, Basilio-De-Oliveira, De Carvalho GA. Nasal septum giant pyogenic granuloma after a long lasting nasal intubation: case report. Rhinology. 2005 Mar;43(1):66-9. |
| 12768165 | Result | Holzapfel L. Nasal vs oral intubation. Minerva Anestesiol. 2003 May;69(5):348-52. |
| 7829957 | Result | Kuo MJ, Reid AP, Smith JE. Unilateral nasal obstruction: an unusual presentation of a complication of nasotracheal intubation. J Laryngol Otol. 1994 Nov;108(11):991-2. doi: 10.1017/s0022215100128701. |
| 28952139 | Result | Yeom JH, Oh MK, Shin WJ, Ahn DW, Jeon WJ, Cho SY. Randomized comparison of the effectiveness of nasal intubation using a GlideScope video laryngoscope with Magill forceps versus vascular forceps in patients with a normal airway. Can J Anaesth. 2017 Dec;64(12):1176-1181. doi: 10.1007/s12630-017-0971-4. Epub 2017 Sep 26. |
| 19849677 | Result | Sanuki T, Hirokane M, Matsuda Y, Sugioka S, Kotani J. The Parker Flex-Tip tube for nasotracheal intubation: the influence on nasal mucosal trauma. Anaesthesia. 2010 Jan;65(1):8-11. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06123.x. Epub 2009 Oct 22. |
| 29349350 | Result | Song J. A comparison of the effects of epinephrine and xylometazoline in decreasing nasal bleeding during nasotracheal intubation. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2017 Dec;17(4):281-287. doi: 10.17245/jdapm.2017.17.4.281. Epub 2017 Dec 28. |
| 20809246 | Result | Cherng CH, Chen YW. Using a modified nasotracheal tube to prevent nasal ala pressure sore during prolonged nasotracheal intubation. J Anesth. 2010 Dec;24(6):959-61. doi: 10.1007/s00540-010-1009-z. Epub 2010 Sep 1. |
| 19231778 | Result | Huang TT, Tseng CE, Lee TM, Yeh JY, Lai YY. Preventing pressure sores of the nasal ala after nasotracheal tube intubation: from animal model to clinical application. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009 Mar;67(3):543-51. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.100. |
| 3963354 | Result | Meier R, Sporn P. [Decubitus ulcer prevention in the nasal ala using Silastic foam in nasotracheal intubated patients]. Anaesthesist. 1986 Jan;35(1):49-50. German. |