Adolescents and young adults (AYAs; ages 17-23) with type 1 diabetes are at high risk for negative health outcomes, including poor glycemic control and disengagement from the health care system. The deterioration of glycemic control occurs in parallel with the assumption of independent self-care skills and preparation for adult diabetes care. Effective communication between AYAs and health care providers may be a critical contributor to diabetes self-care skills during the transition to adult diabetes care and related glycemic control. This research will attempt to better prepare adolescents and young adults for adult diabetes care by delivering innovative intervention content focused on both health communication skills and transition readiness skills. The investigators aim to leverage innovative technologies to improve developmentally-appropriate communication skills related to planning for clinic visits, disclosing and discussing diabetes-related concerns, and optimizing glucose data review in preparation for adult diabetes care. Adolescents and young adults with type 1 diabetes (ages 17-23) who are planning to transition to adult diabetes care within the next 6-8 months will be enrolled in the study and randomized to either the intervention group or a standard care control group. Medical, communication and psychosocial data (including A1c, glucose monitoring frequency, communication quality, health care engagement, depressive symptoms) will be collected from adolescent and young adult participants and health care providers at baseline and two follow-up time points, approximately 4 months post-baseline and approximately 8-12 months post-baseline after the transfer to adult diabetes care. This intervention has the potential to improve diabetes self-care skills, including engagement with health care providers, and glycemic control in AYAs with type 1 diabetes during the vulnerable period of transfer to adult diabetes care. The results of this work will inform best practices for the transition to adult diabetes care and can be translated into clinical care.

Research Design and Methods Overview of Study Design & Procedure. The aim of this randomized controlled trial (RCT) is to determine the efficacy of a behavioral intervention targeting health communication skills and diabetes self-management skills in preparation for the transfer to adult diabetes care, compared to usual care. The intervention, Plan, Reflect, and Engage with Providers for Diabetes Care (PREP-DC), consists of three intervention sessions with a study interventionist, paired text messages, and access to glucose management software. It is expected that adolescents and young adults allocated to the intervention condition (PREP-DC) will evidence: 1) better glycemic control (lower A1c); 2) shorter gap in time between the last visit in pediatric diabetes care and the first visit in adult diabetes care; 3) better diabetes management (better adherence to the diabetes regimen); 4) fewer reported complications (e.g. hospitalizations and emergency department visits). A total of 100 adolescent and young adult participants (ages 17-23) will be randomly allocated in a 1:1 ratio to either the PREP-DC intervention condition (n=50) or usual care (n=50; standard care comparison condition): all participants receive standard resources for transition to adult diabetes care as part of usual care in both conditions.

Participants include 100 adolescents and young adults (ages 17-23) diagnosed with T1D for at least one year (anticipated 50% female) seen for diabetes care at Children's National Medical Center (CNMC) in Washington, DC. Eligible participants will self-identify as planning to transfer to adult diabetes care within the upcoming 6-8 months. Participants in the PREP-DC intervention will complete three intervention sessions with study team members over a 3 month period (approximately 1 intervention session per month). Two sessions will be with a trained study interventionist focusing on communication with health care providers and preparation for medical visits and adult diabetes care. One session will be with a certified diabetes education focusing on problem-solving using glucose data and glucose data review. PREP-DC intervention participants will also receive text messages (3-4 messages/week) for the 3 month intervention period supporting intervention content. Participants also will be given information about accessing glucose management software specific to their diabetes devices and related study resources (e.g. study website). Participants are evaluated at baseline (pre-randomization to intervention or standard care comparison group) and follow-up (approximately 4 months post-baseline and approximately 8-12 months post-baseline after the transition to adult diabetes care).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosed with type1 diabetes for ≥ 1 year
• Able to adequately understand, speak, and read English to benefit from participation
• Ready and consistent text messaging access to participate
• Within 6-8 months of planned transfer to adult diabetes care

Exclusion Criteria:

• Other life-threatening disease (e.g. cancer) or major psychiatric disorder (e.g. schizophrenia) that significantly limits participation
• Pervasive developmental disorder that significantly limits participation

52 participants were randomized to the PREP-DC Intervention (n=26) or Standard Care Comparison (n=26) groups.

Adverse events collected through end of participation in study (final follow up, ~8 months post-randomization)

Adverse events as defined by clinicaltrials.gov

A total of 52 participants were enrolled in the trial (planned enrollment: 100 participants). This trial was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic.