Due to funding

Having the advantages of being minimally invasive and simple, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) remains one of the treatment options for renal stones less than 2cm. Although SWL is the most minimally invasive surgical approach for stone, there are still some concern about its short and long term side effect. While, there are some evidences that SWL might lead to increase in new onset hypertension, investigator's recent study suggested it might also cause worsening of blood pressure control in patient with known hypertension. Therefore, further studies are needed to confirm the initial finding. This study recruits patients who have hypertension and are currently diagnosed to have renal stone and planned for SWL, in order to to investigate the effect of SWL on blood pressure control.

After informed consent and background information have been obtained, patients will be randomized to either have routine SWL (treatment arm) or 6 months later (control arm). Group 1 patients will have blood pressure monitored for one day at home by an handy automated blood pressure measuring machine before SWL and 6 months after SWL. Group 2 patients will have blood pressure monitoring immediately and then 6 months later, just prior to the SWL.

BACKGROUND

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) was first introduced in early 1980's for the management of urolithiasis. The advantage of being minimally invasive, when compared to other procedures for stone treatment, made SWL remain one of the treatment options for renal stones less than 2 cm in the latest guidelines.

Despite considered as the most non-invasive treatment for urinary calculi, there are still many concerns about the long-term consequence of SWL. In particular, the effect of SWL on blood pressure is still a controversy topic. In the recent study, investigator has observed approximately 20% of subjects experienced worsened blood pressure control during the 2-year follow-up period, including 20/202 (9.95%) previously non-hypertensive subjects who developed new onset hypertension. The observed incidence of new-onset hypertension was quite similar those in some reported series. In the literature, there were multiple reports, including case series and hospital data analyses, 7-9 of development of new-onset hypertension after SWL. Unfortunately, most of those studies were retrospective and used different definitions of hypertension.

But the high incidence of worsening blood pressure control, including 43 (36.4%) of 118 hypertensive subjects who required add-on antihypertensive therapies, observed in our study was alarming. Because most studies in the literature were just focused on development of new-onset hypertension, investigator's observation provides supplementary information about potential effects of SWL on pre-existing hypertension. In general, the average annual incidence of add-on pharmacotherapy among local hypertensive patients was 4.71-6.41%. 10 Therefore, the add-on therapy rate of 36.4% during the 2-year follow-up was much higher than that in the general population. Unfortunately, investigator did not include a non-interventional arm for comparison in the previous study and could not conclude that this outcome was solely attributable to SWL.

Therefore, investigator would like to propose a prospective study to assess the effect SWL on the blood pressure control in patients with known hypertension. Investigator hope the study results will provide additional information on the long-term effect of SWL on patients.

OJECTIVES

To investigate the effect of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy on the effect of change in blood pressure in patients with known hypertension.

STUDY PROTOCOL:

Patients fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria specific to this study will be prospectively recruited. After obtaining informed consent, patients will be randomized to either treatment group or control group.

Baseline information, including age, years of diagnosed to have hypertension, current medical usage, other comorbidities, BMI etc. will be collected from patients. All SWL would be performed in the Lithotripsy and Uro-investigation Centre of the Prince of Wales Hospital, and treated by Modulith SLX-F2 Connect (Storz Medical, Switzerland), an electromagnetic lithotriptor. The treatment would be performed as standard care in our hospital. After SWL, the patient would be follow-up in clinic as usual. During the 6 months study period, patients are strongly advised to avoid change in hypertensive medication.

Blood pressure assessment:

During each blood pressure assessment, the following procedure will be performed:

1. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring - 24-h non-invasive ambulatory BP and HR monitoring was performed using a validated device and followed the recommended approached. 11 The blood pressure measurement would be programmed to measure BP every 15 min. Each recording will be started in the morning and performed throughout a full 24-h period, during which subjects are allowed to follow their normal daily routine. The analysis of 24-h BP recordings are preceded by removal of artifacts, according to previously described editing criteria. 12 Recordings are excluded from the analysis when > 10% of all readings or more than one reading per hour is missed. Computed analysis of the individual recordings provided 24-h, night-time (23.00-07.00 h), morning-time (0.7.00-12.00 h), and afternoon/evening-time (12.00- 23.00 h) mean values of SBP, DBP, and HR.
2. Clinic blood pressure measurement At each visit, blood pressure will be measured after patient rested for more than 10 minutes, with repeated measurement 5 minutes apart. The mean blood pressure will be recorded.
3. Any changes in antihypertensive drugs and reasons
4. Any adverse events.

The result collected will be used for further analysis

Inclusion Criteria:

• Renal calculi of size 5-15 mm in maximal diameter and considered as suitable for SWL
• Patient with known hypertension and on regular medical treatment with regular follow-up.
• Patient with stable hypertension for at least 3 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients had previous SWL, kidney surgery, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, etc.
• Patients with stones obviously required more than one section of SWL

No individual participant data will be shared to other researchers outside CUHK Urology unit