Post-surgery pain management is critical for ensuring timely patient recovery and minimizing complications. Part of the multimodal approach to managing severe acute pain in the days following surgeries is the use of nerve blocks. The relatively short-lived effect of commonly used local anesthetics recently prompted the development and subsequent approval of a liposomal formulation of bupivacaine (Exparel; Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Parsippany, New Jersey). It has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetics compared to bupivacaine HCl(hydrochloride), with a slower release into blood stream of up to 96 hours after administration, following a single dose wound infiltration at the end of various surgeries. Studies using other modes of administration reported similar results.

Thoracic surgeries pose an exceptional challenge as they are one of the most painful surgeries and poor pain-management contributes to reduced quality of life and severely delayed recovery. The anesthesiology protocol within the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program at medical centers across the world aim to increase patient comfort after surgery while reducing complications and use of opioids. As a common part of this protocol, intercostal nerve blocks with liposomal bupivacaine are regularly utilized for reduction of post-thoracotomy pain and studies show that it may be just as or more effective than bupivacaine HCl for treatment of pain, decreasing hospital stays and reducing the incidence of complications.

Despite its frequent use in the surgical room for nerve blocks, the pharmacokinetics of a single dose injection of liposomal bupivacaine at the intercostal nerves has never been investigated. The aim of this study is to assess the pharmacokinetics of liposomal bupivacaine injected at the intercostal nerves. The results of this small-scale study will aid in the development of larger such studies in the future, and may aid in the standardization of post-thoracotomy pain management. Specifically, the information gleaned from this study will allow for the optimal use of additional local anesthetics, particularly those administered intravenously, for the purpose of obtaining maximal pain relief while minimizing the occurrence of local anesthetic toxicity.

In this study, patients who are undergoing thoracotomies will be consented separately from the surgery itself.

Patients will be consented for the study in the surgical clinic or on the day of the surgery in the Surgical Admission Suites (SAS), prior to being taken to the OR. The study participants will be given a standard 266 mg single dose injection of liposomal bupivacaine by the surgeon at the start of the surgery. Immediately prior to the injection of the local anesthetic, 5 ml of blood will be drawn from the patient via the arterial line. The arterial line will be placed as part of standard surgery procedure and not for the purposes of the study. Blood will then be drawn from the patient after the injection of the local anesthetic at 5 mins, 15 mins, 30 mins, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Each blood draw will be 5 ml. Blood will be drawn a total of 13 times.

The arterial line will not remain in the patient for the purposes of the study and will be removed per standard procedure. If more blood samples are needed after the arterial line is removed, we will first attempt to obtain blood an existing venous catheter. If blood cannot be obtained this way, a venipuncture will be performed.

Blood samples will be analyzed for the following pharmacokinetic parameters: area under the serum concentration-time infinity (AUC), maximum observed serum concentration (Cmax), time to attain Cmax (Tmax), and apparent terminal elimination half-life (T1/2).

At the time blood samples are drawn, pain scores will be recorded on a standard ten-point pain scale. These pain scores will be omitted if the patient is under general anesthesia.

Inclusion Criteria:

• over 18 years of age
• Undergoing thoracotomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Non-English speaking
• Pregnant women (self reported)
• Prisoners
• Weighing <50 kg
• Allergy to local anesthetics
• Unable to consent for themselves

six months

The definition of adverse events or serious adverse events does not differ from the clinicaltrials.gov definition.