This is a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of a teaching intervention on residents' and medical students' ability to challenge clearly wrong decisions by a superior during a simulated life-threatening crisis. Participants will be randomly allocated into the control or intervention arm. The intervention arm will receive education on crisis resource management (CRM) and teaching targeting the cognitive skills required to monitor and challenge a superior's decision, and conflict resolution tools. Participants will then take part in a simulation scenario 2 to 4 weeks later and will be assessed based on 6 challenge points, followed by a debrief session.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Medical officers or Internal medicine, surgical and emergency medicine residents who are in their 2nd post-graduate year of training, or
• Phase V medical students from Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore

Exclusion Criteria:

• Refusal for informed consent, or
• Refusal for video recording during simulation sessions

Deliberate deception (by not informing of the aim of assessing for ability to challenge authority) will be used to blind the participants. However, open disclosure and explanation of the rationale for deception will be conducted during the debriefing sessions and participants will be extensively counselled.

The confederate specialist will also be blinded to the allocation of the control or intervention arm of participants.

All sessions will be video recorded and assessed in random order by two independent raters blinded to group allocation, using the modified Advocacy-Inquiry Score (mAIS).