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This study aims to assess if tablet size, due to placebo effect, alters participants' performance on cognitive tests after consuming caffeine. Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) 90 mg caffeine with a 1 mm diameter sucrose pillule; 2) no caffeine with the small sucrose pillule; 3) 90 mg caffeine with a 5 mm sucrose pillule; 4) no caffeine with the large sucrose pillule.
Background: A capsule's physical design (e.g. shape, size, and color) affects individuals' perception of drug efficacy; that is, how well a drug is likely to work. The goal of this study is to assess the effects tablet size may have on participant's performance on cognitive testing since research has found differences between preparation methods. Method: 120 participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) 90 mg caffeine with a 1 mm diameter sucrose pillule; 2) no caffeine with the small sucrose pillule; 3) 90 mg caffeine with a 5 mm sucrose pillule; 4) no caffeine with the large sucrose pillule. Participants will consume the designated placebo tablet with water (caffeinated or non-caffeinated); then, participants will provide weekly caffeine intake and complete the neutral portion of Velten's Mood Induction Procedure until 30 minutes have passed to allow for caffeine activation. Participants will complete the Stroop test, Trial Making Tests A and B, and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Previous literature, as far as the author knows, relied on evaluating drug efficacy based on appearance alone. This study aims to assess if tablet size, due to placebo effect, alters participants' performance on cognitive tests after consuming caffeine.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeine with small sucrose pill | Active Comparator | Participants will be given one dose of 90 milligrams caffeine anhydrous dissolved in 8 ounces of water and a 1 mm sucrose pill to consume in 10 minutes. After 30 minutes post-administration, the cognitive tests will be administered. |
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| Caffeine with large sucrose pill | Active Comparator | Participants will be given one dose of 90 milligrams caffeine anhydrous dissolved in 8 ounces of water and a 5 mm sucrose pill to consume in 10 minutes. After 30 minutes post-administration, the cognitive tests will be administered. |
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| No caffeine with small sucrose pill | Placebo Comparator | Participants will be given 8 ounces of water and a 1 mm sucrose pill to consume in 10 minutes. After 30 minutes post-administration, the cognitive tests will be administered. |
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| No caffeine with large sucrose pill | Placebo Comparator | Participants will be given 8 ounces of water and a 1 mm sucrose pill to consume in 10 minutes. After 30 minutes post-administration, the cognitive tests will be administered. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caffeine Anhydrous with small sucrose pill | Drug | caffeine anhydrous that has been weighed out to 90 mg per dose presented with a 1 mm sucrose pillule |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stroop Color test | Measures processing speed. 100-item, time-trial task where participants read the color of printed items on the task paper as quickly as possible for 45 seconds. Scores are measured in the number of correct responses within the allotted time. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 1.5 minutes |
| Stroop Word test | Measures processing speed. 100-item, time-trial task where participants read color names printed on the task paper as quickly as possible for 45 seconds. Scores are measured in the number of correct responses within the allotted time. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 1.5 minutes |
| Trail Making task A | Measures processing speed. 25 item, time-trial task where participants must connect numbers in order as quickly as possible. Scores are measured by the amount of time (in seconds) for participants to complete the task. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 2 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stroop Color-and-Word test | Measures processing speed. 100-item, time-trial task where participants must read the color of the ink instead of color names printed on the task paper as quickly as possible for 45 seconds. Scores are measured in the number of correct responses within the allotted time. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 2 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Daniel Hernandez Altamirano | Undergraduate honors student | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Colorado Denver | Denver | Colorado | 80204 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 27762662 | Background | Beaumont R, Cordery P, Funnell M, Mears S, James L, Watson P. Chronic ingestion of a low dose of caffeine induces tolerance to the performance benefits of caffeine. J Sports Sci. 2017 Oct;35(19):1920-1927. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1241421. Epub 2016 Oct 20. | |
| 7119132 | Background | Buckalew LW, Coffield KE. An investigation of drug expectancy as a function of capsule color and size and preparation form. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1982 Aug;2(4):245-8. |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | Sep 20, 2018 | Sep 28, 2018 | ICF_000.pdf |
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Jul 9, 2018 | Sep 28, 2018 | Prot_SAP_001.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000073893 | Sugars |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
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Participants will be randomly assigned to one of four groups:
1) 90 mg caffeine with a 1 mm diameter sucrose pillule; 2) no caffeine with the small sucrose pillule; 3) 90 mg caffeine with a 5 mm sucrose pillule; 4) no caffeine with the large sucrose pillule.
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Participants will not be made aware if they have or have not received caffeine to not bias results.
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| Placebo - large sucrose pill | Other | sucrose pillules of 5 mm diameter will be given to all participants in the large pill groups |
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| Caffeine Anhydrous with large sucrose pill | Drug | caffeine anhydrous that has been weighed out to 90 mg per dose presented with a 5 mm sucrose pillule |
|
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| Placebo - small sucrose pill | Other | sucrose pillules of 1 mm diameter will be given to all participants in the small pill groups |
|
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| Trail Making task B | Measures processing speed. 25 item, time-trial task where participants must connect numbers and letters in order (e.g. 1-A-2-B, etc.) as quickly as possible. Scores are measured by the amount of time (in seconds) for participants to complete the task. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 3 minutes |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test | Measures memory. 30-item, 2 section task where participants are read 15 words and asked to recall as many words as possible in the first section. A second set of 15 words is then introduced and participants recall those. The second section consists of revisiting the original set of words and recalling as many of those. Scores are measured by the total words remembered in section one, and another score for the total intrusions from the second list into the recall of section two. | Within 90 minutes of receiving informed consent. Actual task time: approximately 40 minutes |
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| 14589618 | Background | Franzen MD, Tishelman AC, Sharp BH, Friedman AG. An investigation of the test-retest reliability of the Stroop Color-Word Test across two intervals. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 1987;2(3):265-72. |
| 28399689 | Background | Geuter S, Koban L, Wager TD. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Placebo Effects: Concepts, Predictions, and Physiology. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2017 Jul 25;40:167-188. doi: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-072116-031132. Epub 2017 Apr 7. |
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| 15089805 | Background | Kinirons MT, O'Mahony MS. Drug metabolism and ageing. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2004 May;57(5):540-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02096.x. |
| Background | Lessard, M. D. (1993). Study of the Velten Mood Induction Procedure and the measurement of mood. Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 4973. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/4973 |
| Background | Magalhaes, S. d. S., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., & Hamdan, A. C. (2012). Validity convergent and reliability test-retest of the rey auditory verbal learning test. Clinical Neuropsychiatry: Journal of Treatments Evaluation, 9(3), 129. |
| 1356551 | Background | Nehlig A, Daval JL, Debry G. Caffeine and the central nervous system: mechanisms of action, biochemical, metabolic and psychostimulant effects. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1992 May-Aug;17(2):139-70. doi: 10.1016/0165-0173(92)90012-b. |
| 11721676 | Background | Overgaard AB, Hojsted J, Hansen R, Moller-Sonnergaard J, Christrup LL. Patients' evaluation of shape, size and colour of solid dosage forms. Pharm World Sci. 2001 Oct;23(5):185-8. doi: 10.1023/a:1012050931018. |
| 28882811 | Background | Pasman WJ, Boessen R, Donner Y, Clabbers N, Boorsma A. Effect of Caffeine on Attention and Alertness Measured in a Home-Setting, Using Web-Based Cognition Tests. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017 Sep 7;6(9):e169. doi: 10.2196/resprot.6727. |
| 21500050 | Background | Pettit ML, DeBarr KA. Perceived stress, energy drink consumption, and academic performance among college students. J Am Coll Health. 2011;59(5):335-41. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.510163. |
| Background | Ross, S., & Buckalew, L. W. (1979). On the agentry of placebos. American Psychologist, 34(3), 277-278. 10.1037/0003-066X.34.3.277 |
| 42078734 | Background | EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to caffeine and increased fat oxidation leading to a reduction in body fat mass (ID 735, 1484), increased energy expenditure leading to a reduction in body weight (ID 1487), increased alertness (ID 736, 1101, 1187, 1485, 1491, 2063, 2103) and increased attention (ID 736, 1485, 1491, 2375) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2011 Apr 8;9(4):2054. doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2054. eCollection 2011 Apr. No abstract available. |
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