Retrospective cohort study used to analyze trends in minimally invasive versus open surgery in colorectal surgery, over time, in outcome in the laparoscopic, robotic and open surgery groups in patients receiving colorectal resections. Analysis will be performed using data collected through the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Project (NSQIP) database, a national database with deidentified data entered by trained nurse data reviewers.

Perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing laparoscopic compared to open surgery have been improving, and adoption of these procedures has rapidly escalated. Despite this, minimally invasive surgery in rectal cancer is more controversial now than ever before. While laparoscopy was initially limited to non-oncologic operations, it has been shown to produce equivalent oncologic outcomes as open surgery and is now a preferred technique for colon cancer resection. However, laparoscopy is technically challenging in the deep pelvis, and there is concern for adequate resection of rectal cancers.

Multiple clinical trials are ongoing to assess long-term oncologic outcomes in patients with laparoscopically-resected rectal cancers (ACOSOG, ALaCaRT, COLOR II, COREAN)1-4; yet, current data examining perioperative outcomes in these patients is limited.5,6 As there are conflicting conclusions between ongoing randomized control trials about the appropriateness of laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancers, knowledge about perioperative outcomes and trends in these outcomes over time may give surgeons more information to make clinical decisions. To address this gap, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database was examined to determine the prevalence of laparoscopic surgery and 30-day outcomes over a ten-year period in patients undergoing open and laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer.

Using the ACS-NSQIP database from 2005-2016, resections for rectal cancer will be studied. The proportion of laparoscopic versus open surgeries performed will be determined by year, and 16 30-day outcomes will be studied in each group. Outcomes include: death, cardiac arrest, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, venous thromboembolism, pneumonia, prolonged ventilation, superficial or deep incisional surgical site infection, organ space infection, renal insufficiency, acute renal failure, urinary tract infection, length of hospital stay, and operating room time. Multiple logistic regression will be utilized to determine the association between laparoscopic and open technique as well as odds of outcome over time.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Primary diagnosis of Rectal Cancer

Exclusion Criteria:

• Emergency Surgery

Patients age 18+ undergoing surgery for primary diagnosis of rectal cancer between 2005-2016 in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

The ACS-NSQIP database is available by researcher request to the American College of Surgeons. The investigators in this study do not have the authority to share this data independently.