Office-based buprenorphine could be expanded to treat many of the opioid users who are not in treatment and who are at great risk for opioid overdose, but effective approaches are needed to help individuals with opioid use disorder initiate and remain in office-based buprenorphine treatment. Investigators propose to develop and pilot test a novel intervention that will combine video-based directly observed therapy and incentives to promote buprenorphine treatment engagement and adherence in out-of-treatment opioid users.

The United States is experiencing an epidemic of opioid-related overdose deaths. Office-based buprenorphine treatment could expand access to treatment to the many opioid users who are not in treatment and who are at great risk for opioid overdose. However, office-based buprenorphine has two limitations that Investigators will address in this application: 1) Patients prescribed buprenorphine by office-based providers can divert the buprenorphine for illicit use. 2) Many people in need of buprenorphine treatment do not initiate and remain in office-based buprenorphine treatment. Investigators will use Video Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) and incentives to enhance office-based buprenorphine treatment. Video DOT is an innovative, mobile health platform that patients can use to record and submit videos of patients taking medication that are then viewable on a secure, web portal for providers to confirm medication adherence. Video DOT could facilitate adherence to buprenorphine treatment and safeguard against diversion. The addition of incentives could engage out-of-treatment opioid users into treatment and increase treatment retention. Incentive interventions, which provide incentives to patients meeting therapeutic goals, have been highly effective in promoting a wide range of health behaviors and have firm theoretical and empirical foundations. Incentive interventions can promote treatment engagement in individuals with substance use disorders, including out-of-treatment opioid users. Investigators propose to develop and pilot test a novel combination of Video DOT and incentives to promote buprenorphine treatment engagement and adherence in out-of-treatment opioid users. The Video DOT+ intervention will provide an incentive for linking to buprenorphine treatment and facilitate retention in treatment by providing incentives for maintaining daily buprenorphine use as verified by the Video DOT system. The incentives will be integrated into the Video DOT platform and delivered remotely to reloadable credit cards to allow for the entire intervention to be delivered via mobile technology and to facilitate easy dissemination of the Video DOT+ system. A randomized pilot study is planned over 3 years. Out-of-treatment opioid users (N=64) will be referred to buprenorphine treatment and randomly assigned to a Usual Care (Control) group or Video DOT+ group. Video DOT+ participants will receive the Video DOT+ intervention being developed and evaluated in this project. Investigators will assess participants every 4 weeks throughout a 24-week intervention period and at 12 weeks after the intervention ends. The primary outcome measure will be buprenorphine treatment adherence during the 24-week intervention. Secondary measures will include buprenorphine treatment engagement (linkage and retention), opioid use, risk of opioid overdose, and post-intervention effects. The project will allow for the development and preliminary evaluation of a novel intervention to promote buprenorphine treatment engagement and adherence in out-of-treatment opioid users. Ultimately, Investigators would like to develop and disseminate an effective and scalable intervention that can enhance office-based buprenorphine treatment and thereby combat the opioid overdose epidemic.

Inclusion Criteria:

• opioid use disorder

Exclusion Criteria:

• current suicidal/homicidal ideation
• severe psychiatric disorder

24 weeks

To monitor adverse events, all staff members are instructed on the need to report to an investigator any indication that an adverse event has occurred. When the staff members and investigators learn of an adverse event, they will investigate until they have determined as many of the relevant details of the adverse event as possible. Also, participants will be asked about all categories of adverse events at each routine assessment visit conducted throughout the studies.