Family style dining is a widely-advocated approach by which to feed children in early education settings. While family-style dining is hypothesized to allow children to attend to their hunger and satiety and consume only the amount of food they need to meet their energy needs, children's ability to self-regulate eating in this setting is dependent on a number of factors including early life experiences, the feeding strategies caregivers use during meals, and the eating environment. The goal of this study is to develop and implement a novel curriculum for childcare providers, Mealtime Matters, that addresses the factors that interfere with children's self-regulation of eating and offers caregivers strategies to reduce exposures that promote over-eating in the early education environment. Mealtime Matters will be pilot tested through a randomized controlled trial design with 7 Head Start classrooms, enrolling approximately 72 low-income preschool-aged children. Intervention feasibility and acceptability will be examined, as well as changes in caregiver/child mealtime interactions and children's dietary intake during meals at Head Start. Study results will inform the development of a fully-scaled efficacy trial.

Obesity disproportionately affects low-income children. Already by age 5, 20% of low-income children in the US are obese, a prevalence three times higher than among high-income children. Obesity that emerges by this young age is persistent and contributes to sustained obesity and obesity-related chronic disease in adulthood. Identifying effective approaches to prevent obesity among young, low-income children is a national priority.

Family-style dining, in which children serve themselves food and drinks from communal dishes, is advocated as a strategy to prevent childhood obesity. It is theorized that family-style dining allows children to attend to their hunger and satiety, and consume only the amount of food they need to meet their energy needs. The alternative, where adults direct children's intake, is theorized to interfere with children's ability to self-regulate their eating and cause excess weight gain. Based on this theoretical model, the USDA's Child and Adult Care Food Program (CACFP), which provides meals to 4.2 million low-income children annually, and Head Start, the federally-funded preschool program that serves 42% of all preschool-aged children in poverty nationally, strongly encourage family-style dining.

Contrary to current beliefs however, the investigators posit that many low-income children are not able to self-regulate their eating and overeat when allowed to self-serve, leading to excess weight gain. Thus, family-style dining may increase, rather than decrease, obesity among low-income children. Basic behavioral and epidemiologic research suggests that chronic stress, which many low-income children experience, contributes to obesity-promoting appetite characteristics among children. Laboratory-based experiments have demonstrated that appetite characteristics such as these lead to excessive consumption when children are allowed to self-serve. Among low-income preschoolers, one-third to one-half of children consume calories in excess of Institute of Medicine recommendations during family-style meals. This excessive energy intake is driven by intake of meat and grains, while intake of nutrient-dense, lower calorie fruits and vegetables is far below recommendations. Children's excessive and unbalanced eating during family-style dining is often noted by teachers, who are uncertain how limit these behaviors.

Changing environmental supports for eating may be particularly important for modifying the dietary intake of young children who, unlike adolescents and adults, do not yet have the cognitive capacity to inhibit intake of highly palatable foods in favor of selecting food based on healthfulness. Therefore, the objective of this Collaborative Research pilot study is to conduct T2 translational research among low-income preschool children by developing an easily-implemented curriculum to support family-style dining in Head Start called Mealtime Matters, where teachers receive focused training on preschooler nutrition, appropriate portion sizes for preschool children, responsive feeding strategies, and improvements to the classroom environment that promote children's self-regulation of eating. The feasibility and potential impact of Mealtime Matters will be examined with 72 children from up to 7 Head Start classrooms in Adrian, Michigan. The investigators hypothesize that Mealtime Matters will be feasible and acceptable to teachers. Further, by reducing prompts to over-consume and empowering teachers to direct children to serve appropriate portion sizes while using responsive feeding approaches, the investigators will: 1. Increase the proportion of children consuming within an acceptable range of the recommended kilocalories (kcal) during meals at Head Start and 2. Increase the servings of fruits and vegetables children consume during meals at Head Start. Sustained engagement in these dietary behaviors can prevent excessive weight gain and obesity.

The specific aims of this trial are:

Aim 1: Examine the effect of Mealtime Matters on children's dietary intake during meals at Head Start.

Aim 2: Examine the effect of Mealtime Matters on teacher/child mealtime interactions at Head Start.

Aim 3: Determine the feasibility and acceptability of Mealtime Matters among Head Start teachers.

TEACHERS

Inclusion Criteria:

- employed as teachers in the Adrian Public School's Head Start Program

Exclusion Criteria:

- N/A

CHILDREN

Inclusion Criteria:

• enrolled in the Adrian Public School's Head Start Program
• the specific age range for children selected of 3-4 years by September 1 of the given academic year is based on the age of eligibility for Head Start enrollment
• the custodial and legal guardian is able to provide valid consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• child has serious medical problems
• the child is a foster child

From baseline to 6-weeks post intervention follow up