Immunotherapy Followed By EGFR Inhibitor In Locally Advanced Or Metastatic Squamous Cell Cancer Of The Skin: Tackling Primary And Secondary Resistance
Immunotherapy Followed By EGFR Inhibitor In Locally Advanced Or Metastatic Squamous Cell Cancer Of The Skin: Tackling Primary And Secondary Resistance
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Cancer (Cscc, 25%) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC; 75%) are the major subtypes of non-melanoma skin cancer. Most cSCC arise in the head and neck region because it is frequently exposed to sunlight and its ensuing UV radiation-induced DNA damage, which is the major etiologic factor.
There is an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets for patients with locally advanced or metastatic squamous Cell Cancer of the skin.
Substantial progress has recently been made in the development of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer. In particular, the treatment with pembrolizumab alone or in conjunction with an anti epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agent may reverse this condition, so performing radical surgery. Finally, the adjunct of an anti EGFR agent as cetuximab could reverse the primary and secondary resistance to pembrolizumab, with a synergistic effect able to counteract pathway redundancy (i.e. the presence of several concurrent pathways which need to be addressed together) and boosting T cell priming.
Hence, there is rationale to combine cetuximab with pembrolizumab in order to increase its effectiveness.
Cutaneous squamous cell cancers (cSCC) increase in incidence in recent years. Prognosis of these tumors is generally favorable, with most of the patients cured with local therapies, except from a small percentage (less than 10% of the cases) with recurrence not amenable to surgery or radiation or with distant metastasis. There are only limited clinical risk factors able to discriminate an aggressive lesion at its presentation (size > 2cm, perineural invasion (PNI) or beyond subcutaneous tissues). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) added aggressive features of cSCC that lead to upstaging the disease and are associated with increased risk of recurrence or metastasis, including invasion of bone, or presence of at least two high-risk factors such as poor differentiation, PNI, invasion greater than 2 mm, occurrence at a high-risk site (i.e., ear or lip), or Clark level greater than or equal to 4.
Untreatable recurrences are most frequently localized in the head and neck area (80% of cases) and they are often disfiguring, while metastasis may involve lymph nodes, lungs, liver or bone. The probability of metastasis in SCC of the skin varies between 2% and 10% depending on the series and on the risk factors considered. Chemotherapy is reserved to cases of recurrence or distant metastasis, with palliative intent. The most commonly used drug combinations are cisplatin-based, in combination with bleomycin, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, anthracycline or with cis-retinoic acid and interferon alfa.
However, clinical responses are limited, so underlining the medical need existing with recurrent SCCs of the skin not amenable to local therapy or with metastatic disease.
The role of immunosuppression is well-known in the pathogenesis of skin SCCs; however, only limited evidence exists about the possibility to treat this disease through the restoration of an immune activity against cancer cells. In this regard, there is the need to acquire more information about the expression and the role of the PD-L1:PD1 pathway in skin SCCs, being one of the most attractive in cancer treatment.
In fact, immuno-oncologic agents targeting checkpoint inhibitors such as programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) or its ligand PD-L1 are very promising new anti-cancer drugs, while efficacy correlates with PD-L1 expression in various tumor types. In order to provide a translational basis for the possible use of PD1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cSCC, Sharper et al examined the expression pattern of PD-L1 in tumor cells and tumor infiltrating leukocytes (TILs) as well as the proportion of CD8+ T- cells and correlated these findings with clinic-pathological characteristics of patients. Utilizing a cut-off ≥ 5%, 10.3% tumors and 42.7% of TILs were PD-L1 positive. The severity of inflammation was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in both tumor and TILs and PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was associated with the presence of intratumoral CD8+ cells. Additionally, the location of the tumor had an impact on PD- L1 expression: cSCC located in sun-exposed areas (66.2%) showed a higher expression of PD-L1 in TILs compared to cSCC excised in no sun-exposed areas of the body.
Herbst et al. recently showed in multiple cancer types that a response to treatment with a PD- L1 inhibitor was observed especially when PD-L1 was expressed by TILs, therefore the expression of PD-L1 in the majority of TILs in cSCC provides a preclinical rationale for the use of PD-1 inhibitors.
On the other hand, immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of EGFR in skin SCCs is shown to be more than 80%. However, given the paucity of recurrent/metastatic lesions analyzed, only a small amount of data in this setting exists. Primary lesions associated with subsequent metastasis have been shown to more likely overexpress EGFR in comparison with not recurring lesions. Therefore, this pathway represents a potentially valuable target for the treatment of advanced disease. Moreover, HER2 expression is common in skin SCC, being reported with high rates, even if in small studies. Coexpression of EGFR, HER2 and HER3 is present in skin SCCs but not in normal skin and it could be associated with the malignant phenotype.
Anti-EGFR therapy in cSCC has been explored in phase II trials, with cetuximab and panitumumab in unresectable or metastatic setting, with gefitinib in potentially curable disease and in other case reports.
EGFR-TKI gefitinib was shown to reduce the expression of PD-L1 in both EGFR-TKIs sensitive and acquired resistant non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and in vivo, so providing a novel anti-tumor mechanism for the combination of EGFR-TKIs and immunotherapy.
Being the responses to cetuximab alone are limited and not durable, there is the need to enhance response rate and secondarily duration of responses. There are suggestions for a possible role of anti-EGFR agent in tackling resistance to checkpoint inhibitors. In fact, suppression of EGFR signalling decreases PD-L1 overexpression on tumoral cells (possible mechanism of resistance to immunotherapy), so reducing the immune escape process. Moreover, activation of EGFR pathway is involved in suppressing the immune response through activation of Tregs or reducing the level of T cell chemoattractants.
Recently, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody employed in patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic cSCC showed activity and a tolerable profile of toxicity.
After confirmation of inclusion/exclusion criteria, the patient will be treated with pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks.
First evaluation: After 9 weeks since treatment start the patient will be evaluated clinically and radiologically, if indicated.
In case of disease control (SD/PR/CR), the patient will continue to receive pembrolizumab alone and after 6 weeks will be evaluated clinically and radiologically, if indicated.
In case of disease progression at the first evaluation, in order to avoid disease pseudo-progression, the patient will repeat an evaluation (confirmatory) after at least 4 weeks; if PD confirmed, then the patient will receive cetuximab (400 mg/sm loading dose, then 250 mg/sm day 1,8 and 15 of a 3-week schedule) in addition to pembrolizumab.
Second and following evaluations: After the first evaluation, every restaging will be performed every 6 weeks.
In case of disease response (PR/CR), the patient will continue to receive pembrolizumab alone.
In case of stable disease or progression, the patient will repeat an evaluation after at least 4 weeks (confirmatory); in case of confirmed stability or PD, the patient will receive cetuximab (400 mg/sm loading dose, then 250 mg/sm day 1,8 of a 3-week schedule) in addition to pembrolizumab, in order to reverse the primary lack of response to the immunotherapeutic drug.
In case of progression after an initial disease response, the patient will receive cetuximab (400 mg/sm loading dose, then 250 mg/sm day 1,8, 15 of a 3-week schedule) in addition to pembrolizumab, in order to reverse the acquired resistance to the immunotherapeutic drug.
After 6 weeks of combination treatment (pembrolizumab + cetuximab) a first clinical/radiological assessment will be performed. In case of lack of response (PR or CR), another assessment will be performed within 4 weeks. In case of confirmed lack of response during the combination treatment the patient will be permanently discontinued from study, as the balance of possible treatment toxicities against its lack of efficacy is no more favorable.
Evaluation will be conducted according to the ir-RECIST Partial response will be considered at any time according to ir-RECIST with a reduction ≥50% in tumor burden compared with the first assessment at study entry for each treatment schedule. The first 6 patients treated with the combination of pembrolizumab and cetuximab will be treated within a safety run-in cohort.
The safety run-in cohort will include 6 subjects treated with 250 mg/sm (after loading dose 400 mg/sm) IV infusion of weekly cetuximab plus standard-dose pembrolizumab. These first 6 patients will be followed for 4 weeks for dose limiting toxicities (DLT) before enrolling additional patients.
If a DLT will be observed in no more than 1 of 6 patients, the trial will continue with enrolling subjects to the remainder of the phase II portion of the study. Otherwise, 6 additional patients will be enrolled at dose level -1 (200 mg/sm).
If no more than one DLT will be observed, then phase II will enroll patients at dose level -1 (200 mg) for the total expected number of accrual.
If a DLT will be observed in more than 1 of 6 patients, 6 additional patients will be enrolled at dose level -2 (150 mg).
If no more than one DLT will be observed with this dose level, then phase II will enroll patients at dose level -2 (150 mg) for the total expected number of accrual. Otherwise the combination of the 2 drugs will be considered unfeasible in such a disease population.
To consolidate these safety data, after 6 patients will have completed treatment at the specific dose without more than one DLT, other 6 patients will be analyzed for safety purpose, without the need to stop enrollment. In case 3 or more DLTs will globally happen in the 12 treated patients, then the trial will continue to enroll 6 additional patients at the inferior dose level with the above reported rules.
Primary Objective(s) & Hypothesis(es):
(1) Objective: Increase in cumulative response rate (PR + CR) obtained by single agent or by combination strategy (pembrolizumab alone or with pembrolizumab + EGFR inhibiting agent) in respect to monotherapy with anti-EGFR agent.
Hypothesis: this approach will be considered effective if the cumulative response rate is at least 45%, with an increase of 17% with respect to previous study with cetuximab in the same setting of disease, in which a response rate of 28% was shown.
Secondary Objective(s) & Hypothesis(es)
Patients will be asked to consent to analysis of tissue and to receive additional biopsies at time of anti EGFR agent introduction; if possible, another biopsy at time of combined therapy resistance will be acquired.
TR includes: - evaluation of PD-L1 expression in skin SCC and of PD1 on CD8 T cells at baseline , - evaluation of PD-L1 and PD1 modulation during treatment, -evaluation of PDL-1 and PD-1 in TILs at the baseline and during treatment.
Moreover, the study will involve a multi-omic approach with analysis of gene-expression, miRNA, methylation and CGH profiling, completed by next generation "amplicon sequencing", by means of Ion Torrent, detecting with high sensitivity mutations and polymorphisms of biomarkers associated with prognosis and with response to the whole treatment.
Initially, a bio-banking of FFPE (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded ) tissues and of blood will be performed, as this part of the analysis has not been funded yet. A separate consent will be requested for additional biopsies and for bio-banking.
The pre-pembrolizumab and pre-cetuximab biopsies will be compared in order to evaluate the changes in microenvironment and tumoral pharmacodynamic markers.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
paolo.bossi@istitutotumori.mi.it+390223902150
Brescia, BS 25123, Italy
francesca.consoli@libero.it00390303995260
vincenzo.degiorgi@unifi.it0039055794111
paolo.bossi@istitutotumori.mi.it00390223902150
emilia.cocorocchio@ieo.it00390257489459
graziella.pinotti@asst-settelaghi.it00390332278556
paola.queirolo@hsanmartino.it00390105600561
paolo.ascierto@gmail.com00390815903236