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To describe the design, methodology and baseline characteristics of the Shanghai Cohort study of Diabetic Eye disease (SCODE) study, a community-based study to determine the prevalence and impact of diabetic eye disease, especially diabetic retinopathy (DR), in adults with diabetes living in Shanghai.
The Shanghai Cohort study of Diabetic Eye disease (SCODE) was a three-year community-based study to carry out a regular ocular health screening and epidemiological analysis for diabetic eye disease in the approximately 8,000 middle-aged and elderly people with diabetes in Shanghai. Through this study, we hope to understand the prevalence, epidemic trend and the features of risk factors distribution on diabetic eye disease, especially on DR.
Meanwhile, our aims also included estimating the ocular fundus changes and visual impairment associated with different grade of DR. Furthermore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between serum and urine biochemical parameters and DR.
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetic eye disease screening | Behavioral | Community-based, prospective cohort study from three consecutive years (2016 to 2018) to determine the prevalence and impact of diabetic eye disease, especially diabetic retinopathy (DR), in adults with diabetes living in Shanghai. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence and incidence rate of diabetic eye disease | SCODE was performed to evaluate the prevalence and rate of new cases of diabetic eye disease, especially DR, in a three-year community-based cohort study for the people with diabetes, and to identify the associated factors related with diabetic eye disease. | December 31, 2018 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Grading of DR | Fundus changes were evaluated on non-mydriatic fundus photography and slit-lamp examination. Meanwhile, we will estimate the fundus changes associated with different grade of DR. | December 31, 2018 |
| Retinal and choroidal thickness |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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All the enrolled participants got a yearly examination of diabetic eye disease for three years. Considering that the prevalence of DR gradually increases with age, the target population included adults with diabetes aged 35 years and above under archives management, residing in Shanghai. And the study participants were expected to be freely mobile, clear-thinking, and capable of cooperating to complete the ophthalmic examinations.
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41343177 | Derived | Xiang Z, Lin S, Xu Y, Lu L, Shi Y, Wang Y, Yang Q, Ling S, Zhou D, Qin X, Cheng M, Zou H, Ma Y. The effects of physical activity on diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes using automated vascular analysis: a cohort study. J Glob Health. 2025 Dec 5;15:04319. doi: 10.7189/jogh.15.04319. |
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Identified individual participant data for all primary and secondary outcome measures will be made available.
Data will be available with in one year of study completion.
Data access requests will be reviewed by an external Independent Review Panel. Requestors will be required to sign a Data Access Agreement.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004194 | Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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Urine and Blood Sample Collection
Retinal and choroidal thickness were evaluated on SS-OCT.
| December 31, 2018 |
| Retinal blood flow | Retinal blood flow were evaluated on SD-OCTA. | December 31, 2018 |
| Blood biochemistry indexes | Blood samples were used for testing, including glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), serum lipids, etc. | December 31, 2018 |
| Urine biochemistry indexes | Urine samples were used for testing urine albumin and creatinine. | December 31, 2018 |
| Visual impairment | Main Cause of visual impairment were determined by two ophthalmologists based on the ophthalmic examinations and reported history. Moreover, we will evaluate the association between the visual impairment and different grade of DR. | December 31, 2018 |