For people living with long-term physical disabilities, such as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, middle-age (45-64) is a period of great vulnerability for losses in function and participation. There is an urgent need to develop and test interventions that can be delivered through existing community service agencies to help these people maximize their community participation and quality of life. This research will test the efficacy of one such intervention in a community trial and, thereby, contribute to our understanding of the intervention's effectiveness and mechanisms of action.

Middle-age (45-64) is a time of health vulnerability for millions of Americans. More than 50% of individuals in the U.S. will have two or more chronic conditions by age 60, contributing to increased risk of later disability. However, for individuals with long-term physical disabilities (LTPDs) such as spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis, these risks are magnified. This vulnerable population is especially in need of interventions to promote community participation and improve disease self-management during midlife.

Over the past 5 years, our research team has adapted an evidence-based health promotion intervention designed for older adults to serve middle-aged and older adults with LTPD. The investigators now have a trial version of this intervention (called "EnhanceWellness for Disability"; EW-D) with promising findings in pilot testing, ready for a larger community trial. Through a new partnership with 3 regional Centers for Independent Living, the investigators can now test this program for people with LTPD in 14 counties in the Northwest U.S.A.

The broad, long-term aims of this study are to test the efficacy of this program relative to two control conditions (an attention-matched health education control and treatment as usual), in 600 community dwelling adults age 45-64 years with LTPD using modern outcome scales appropriate for people with LTPD. The primary outcome is the ability to participate in valued community activities. The investigators will seek to determine whether the intervention was effective and if so, what mechanisms of change drove the effect. In addition to self-report, the investigators will also collect objective measures of community activity via global positioning system (GPS) and travel diaries, in a randomly selected subset of 300 participants. This study's specific aims are as follows:

Specific Aim 1. To determine the efficacy of eight sessions of EW-D, relative to an attention control condition or treatment as usual, in middle-aged adults with LTPD. The primary outcome will be the self-reported ability to participate in valued community activities.

Specific Aim 2. To determine if observed intervention effects are due to (1) improved disease management self-efficacy, (2) decreased interference due to pain and fatigue, or (3) improvements in psychological resilience.

Secondary Analyses. To determine if 1) intervention effects are maintained at 12 months and 2) intervention effects can be detected in objective, GPS -based measures of activity (quantified as number of trips outside the home, time outside the home, area of travel, and activity in established categories). The investigators will also examine the potential moderating effects of biological sex on treatment response.

This approach is consistent with goals described in recent National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) program announcements, including those calling for age-appropriate interventions to improve self-management of chronic conditions (PA 14-344) and those calling for prevention research for adults in midlife (PA-15-098). If hypotheses are confirmed, this work would support a program that could be used to promote health and wellness in both able-bodied older adults and middle-aged adults with LTPD, which would be novel to the field and could improve reach.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 45 to 64 years of age at screening (turning 65 years after screening is ok);

• Able to read, speak, and understand English;

• Has a self-reported physician's diagnosis of long-term physical disability defined as:

  • a medical condition affecting the muscular or neurologic systems (eg, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, post-polio syndrome or spinal cord injury), and the condition:
  • creates functional disability (impairment in at least one activity of daily living (ADL) or at least one instrumental activity of daily living (IADL), as indicated by the Expanded Functional Disability Scale)
  • was present before age 40 years

• Able to participate via telephone;

• Has a goal in mind if randomized to the EW-D intervention;

• Has not participated in the original EnhanceWellness intervention group.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Under 45 years of age or 65 or older at screening;

• Unable to read, speak, or understand English;

• Does not have a neurological or muscular condition affecting physical function (e.g., persons with low back pain and shoulder pain would be excluded);

• Does not have functional disability;

• Disability onset after age 40 years;

• Significant cognitive impairment as defined by the Six-Item Screener;

• Psychiatric condition or symptoms that would interfere with participation, specifically:

  • Current, active suicidal ideation with current intent to harm oneself, or
  • Current schizophrenia, psychosis, or mania

• Unable to participate via telephone;

• Does not have a goal if randomized to the EW-D intervention;

• Has participated in the original EnhanceWellness intervention group.

The investigators propose to make available to interested researchers a data file (de-identified to remove any variables from which it would be possible to identify any individual participant) any data used in a published article, at the time that it is accepted for publication. That is, at the request of an outside researcher, the investigators will create and share a data file that includes all of the variables used in the published article and a list of the variables in the data file (along with their variable labels). Any investigators who request these data will receive (1) a copy of the published article (which will describe the source of the data); (2) the variable list/variable labels; and (3) a data set.

Data will become available after the main study results are published.

Although any shared data will be stripped of identifiers prior to release, given the very specific nature of the study sample (middle-aged adults with disabilities) it is possible that those who access this data could potentially identify subjects with unusual characteristics or combinations of unusual characteristics. Therefore, the investigators will make the data and associated documentation available to users only under a data-sharing agreement that provides for: (1) a commitment to using the data only for research purposes and not to identify any individual participant; (2) a commitment to securing the data using appropriate computer technology; and (3) a commitment to destroying or returning the data after analyses are completed.

1 year

Other Adverse Events collected through regular inquiry with participants including during baseline, 3 mo, 6 mo, and 12 mo survey as well as during telephone based sessions with interventionist for EW-D and CDC Education arms over 6 month treatment window. Number of events differs from number of participants due to some participants reporting the same adverse event (both term and organ system) during the course of the year long study (e.g. multiple falls from same participant).

Majority of participant recruitment took place during global COVID 19 pandemic which conceivably could have influenced participant outcomes in ways that could not be measured.