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The purpose of this pilot study is to determine whether the combination of the Corporate AthleteĀ® Resilience (CAR) Training Program and follow-up psychoeducational group sessions has significant impact on nurses' resilience and stress mindset in their personal lives and their working environment. Knowledge from this study can be applied to interventions in the future to improve resilience behavior.
The ongoing nursing shortage in the U.S health care system is a multifaceted issue. One factor leading to the nursing shortage is high turnover, particularly among critical care nurses due to their experiences with stressful work environments, ethical dilemmas, and high rates of patient morbidity and mortality. There is also a high prevalence of psychological disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) among critical care nurses. Consequences of turnover and low nurse staffing include lower quality of care, lower patient satisfaction, increased medical errors, increased rates of health care associated infections, and higher 30-day mortality rates.
Resilience is defined as "the ability to adapt to life's ever-changing landscape and recover quickly from the stressors and potential stressors". It is a learned psychological characteristic that can be used to bounce back after disruption and successfully adapt to stressful work experiences in a positive manner.
The Corporate AthleteĀ® Resilience (CAR) Training Program is a 1-day training program that uses a holistic approach that focuses on moving between stress and strategic recovery to help build resilience and enable higher performance.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CAR Training and Psychoeducational Sessions | Experimental | This is a secondary study to the primary study titled "A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Resilience Intervention for Critical Care Nurses" (IRBNet #1234568). In the primary study, participants will be randomized into the intervention group or wait-list control group. In this secondary study, all participants will attend the 1-day CAR Training Program and the follow-up psychoeducational group sessions. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAR Training and Psychoeducational Sessions | Behavioral | Participation in the CAR Training Program, a 1-day training program developed by the J&J Human Performance Institute (HPI). The CAR Training Program uses a holistic approach that focuses on moving between stress and strategic recovery to help build resilience and enable higher performance. Participants will attend eight weekly follow-up psychoeducational group sessions facilitated by a licensed mental health counselor that will meet for 90 minutes. The themes of these sessions will be RISE - Resilience, Insight, Self-Compassion, and Empowerment. Due to limited time and flexibility in sessions, participants will practice skills through optional homework activities to facilitate learning between sessions. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Stress Mindset Measure - General (SMM-G) | Participants will respond to an 8-item questionnaire measuring stress. Responses will be provided on the following 5-point scale: 0=Strongly Disagree, 1=Disagree, 2=Neither Agree nor Disagree, 3=Agree, 4=Strongly Agree. | Change from Baseline SMM-G score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) | Participants will respond to a 10-item questionnaire measuring perceived stress. Responses will be provided on the following 5-point scale: 0=Never, 1=Almost Never, 2=Sometimes, 3=Fairly Often, 4=Very Often. | Change from Baseline PSS score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
1. At imminent risk of harm to themselves or others
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Amanda T. Sawyer, PhD | AdventHealth | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AdventHealth | Orlando | Florida | 32804 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 8136229 | Background | Acker KH. Do critical care nurses face burnout, PTSD, or is it something else?: getting help for the helpers. AACN Clin Issues Crit Care Nurs. 1993 Aug;4(3):558-65. | |
| 21947657 | Background | Bann CM, Kobau R, Lewis MA, Zack MM, Luncheon C, Thompson WW. Development and psychometric evaluation of the public health surveillance well-being scale. Qual Life Res. 2012 Aug;21(6):1031-43. doi: 10.1007/s11136-011-0002-9. Epub 2011 Sep 23. |
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This is a secondary study to the primary study titled "A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Resilience Intervention for Critical Care Nurses" (Florida Hospital IRBNet #1234568). In the primary study, participants will be randomized into the intervention group or wait-list control group. However, in this secondary study, all participants will attend the 1-day CAR Training Program and the follow-up psychoeducational group sessions.
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Participants will respond to a 6-item questionnaire measuring resilience. Responses will be provided on the following 5-point scale: 1=Strongly Disagree, 2=Disagree, 3=Neutral, 4=Agree, 5=Strongly Agree. |
| Change from Baseline BRS score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Maslach Burnout Inventory Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) for Medical Personnel (MP) | Participants will respond to a 22-item questionnaire measuring burnout. Responses will be provided on the following 7-point scale: 0=Never, 1=A few times a year or less, 2=Once a month or less, 3=A few times a month, 4=Once a week, 5=A few times a week, 6=Everyday. | Change from Baseline MBI-HSS (MP) score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Public Health Surveillance - Wellbeing Scale (PHS-WB) | Participants will respond to a 10-item questionnaire measuring perception of personal well-being and satisfaction. Responses will be provided on a 5-point scale (6 items) and a 10-point scale (4 items). | Change from Baseline PHS-WBscore at 6-months post CAR Training |
| RAND Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Sleep Scale Survey | Participants will respond to a 12-item questionnaire with self-reported information related to sleep patterns. Responses will be provided on the following 6-point scale: 1=All of the time, 2=Most of the time, 3=A good bit of the time, 4=Some of the time, 5=A little of the time, 6=None of the time. | Change from Baseline RAND MOS Sleep Scale score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| RAND 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) | Participants will respond to a 36-item questionnaire with self-reported health ratings and perceived impact of one's health on a variety of daily activities. Response options for questionnaire items vary from 3-point scale, 5-point scale, and Yes/No responses. | Change from Baseline SF-36 score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Absenteeism and Presenteeism questions of the World Health Organization's Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (WHO-HPQ) | Participants will respond to 11 absenteeism and presenteeism questions abstracted from the full HPQ. Responses for 2 items require self-reported information regarding hours worked and hours the employer expects the participant to work in 7 days. 6 items require participants to provide work experience information from the past 4 weeks. Responses for 3 items are provided on a 10-point scale in which 0=Worst Performance, and 10=Top Performance. Responses are input into a provided formula for scoring; a higher absenteeism score indicates higher amount of absenteeism, while a higher presenteeism score indicates lower amount of lost performance. | Change from Baseline WHO-HPQ score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI) | Participants will respond to a 6-item questionnaire, answering questions about the perceived effect of personal health problems on one's ability to work or perform activities. Responses are provided in a Yes/No format or using a 10-point scale in which 0=Health problems had no effect on my work and 10=Health problems completely prevented me from working. | Change from Baseline WPAI score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Self-Reflection and Insight Scale (SRIS) | Participants will respond to a 20-item questionnaire using a 6-point scale where 1=Strongly disagree and 6=Strongly agree. | Change from Baseline SRIS score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Self-Compassion Scale - Short Form (SCS-SF) | Participants will respond to a 12-item questionnaire, indicating how often certain behaviors are personally experienced when in difficult times. Responses are provided on 5-point scale in which 1=Almost never and 5=Almost always. | Change from Baseline SCS-SF score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| Psychological Empowerment Instrument | Participants will respond to a 12-item questionnaire to items regarding self-orientations people may have with regard to their work role. Responses are provided on the following 7-point scale: 1=Very strongly disagree, 2=Strongly disagree, 3=Disagree, 4=Neutral, 5=Agree, 6=Strongly Agree, 7=Very Strongly Agree. | Change from Baseline Psychological Empowerment Instrument score at 6-months post CAR Training |
| 21328752 | Background | Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008 Apr. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2651/ |
| 6668417 | Background | Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983 Dec;24(4):385-96. No abstract available. |
| 23437923 | Background | Crum AJ, Salovey P, Achor S. Rethinking stress: the role of mindsets in determining the stress response. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2013 Apr;104(4):716-33. doi: 10.1037/a0031201. Epub 2013 Feb 25. |
| Background | Grant, A. M., Franklin, J., & Langford, P. (2002). The Self-Reflection and Insight Scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality, 30(8), 821-836. |
| Background | Johnson & Johnson Health & Wellness Solutions Research Team. 2017. Validation and Analysis of Johnson & Johnson Human Performance Instituteā¢ (HPI) Assessment Inventory. Unpublished manuscript. |
| 12625231 | Background | Kessler RC, Barber C, Beck A, Berglund P, Cleary PD, McKenas D, Pronk N, Simon G, Stang P, Ustun TB, Wang P. The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). J Occup Environ Med. 2003 Feb;45(2):156-74. doi: 10.1097/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51. |
| Background | Maslach, C., Jackson, S. E., & Leiter, M. P. (1996). Maslach Burnout Inventory manual (3rd ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. |
| 17185650 | Background | Mealer ML, Shelton A, Berg B, Rothbaum B, Moss M. Increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in critical care nurses. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr 1;175(7):693-7. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200606-735OC. Epub 2006 Dec 21. |
| 19918928 | Background | Mealer M, Burnham EL, Goode CJ, Rothbaum B, Moss M. The prevalence and impact of post traumatic stress disorder and burnout syndrome in nurses. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(12):1118-26. doi: 10.1002/da.20631. |
| 25362680 | Background | Mealer M, Conrad D, Evans J, Jooste K, Solyntjes J, Rothbaum B, Moss M. Feasibility and acceptability of a resilience training program for intensive care unit nurses. Am J Crit Care. 2014 Nov;23(6):e97-105. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2014747. |
| 21974793 | Background | Mealer M, Jones J, Newman J, McFann KK, Rothbaum B, Moss M. The presence of resilience is associated with a healthier psychological profile in intensive care unit (ICU) nurses: results of a national survey. Int J Nurs Stud. 2012 Mar;49(3):292-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.09.015. Epub 2011 Oct 5. |
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| Background | RAND Corporation. (2018). Sleep Scale Survey. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/sleep-scale.html. |
| Background | RAND Corporation. (2018). 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/health/surveys_tools/mos/36-item-short-form.html. |
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