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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| European Regional Development Fund | OTHER |
| Center for Industrial Technological Development of Spain | UNKNOWN |
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Active aging programs have been recommended by the World Health Organization to help deal with the progressive aging of the population. However, older adults have difficulties in accessing these programs. Online video game-based interventions would improve their accessibility, while complementing these interventions with a mobile application (App) would increase adherence and professional monitoring. The main objective of this study is to assess the efficacy of an interactive, online, video game-based cognitive behavioral intervention with an App companion for active aging compared to a control group receiving therapeutically inactive information. The secondary objectives are to: (a) analyze the moderators of the change in the outcome variables and (b) evaluate adherence to the intervention.
A randomized controlled trial will be performed including healthy adults older than 44. Recruitment of 180 participants is planned, with random allocation to one of the two conditions (90 participants per group): (a) an experimental group receiving an interactive, online, multimedia, video game-based cognitive behavioral intervention with an App companion (CCI-V) or (b) a control group receiving online therapeutically inactive information about active aging (CG).
The intervention will be administered in 8 weekly modules comprised of 45-minute sessions. A blind evaluation will be conducted through online self-administered tests at baseline, post-intervention, and 6- and 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome will be the health status. Secondary outcomes will be emotional well-being, symptoms of depression, reinforcement, negative thoughts, self-reported memory, cognitive tasks, sleep hygiene, physical activity, eating habits, body mass index (BMI), social support, dropouts, treatment adherence, and satisfaction with the intervention.
European population aging has increased in the last several decades: 19.1% of Europeans are currently older than 65, and 39.2% are over 50. Depression and dementia are some of the most prevalent conditions in older adults, and both have high socioeconomic costs. In this context, the World Health Organization has pointed out the importance of active aging promotion programs to help older adults maintain their independence and health for longer. In addition, healthy life habits such as physical activity and eating a balanced diet also help prevent disease and preserve mental and physical functions.
However, the lack of health care services for older adults, especially in rural areas which tend to have more older people, may limit access to active aging programs targeting depression, cognitive decline, and healthy habits. One way to overcome these barriers is through online video games that are accessible at home at any time with a low cost. However, the efficacy of video games in promoting active aging from middle to late adulthood has received very little attention in the literature.
A meta-analysis of 21 randomized controlled trials about video game-based interventions administered to healthy adults over 44 found that video game-based interventions produced positive effects on negative affect, objectively measured physical and social health with small effect sizes. However, the reviewed studies used non-standardized measures, and follow-ups were scarce. There was only one video game designed to prevent depression in older people. Furthermore, none of the reviewed studies involved integral interventions for emotional wellbeing, cognitive stimulation, or healthy life habits, even though a review of modifiable risk factors for dementia estimated that 51% of population-attributable risk was associated with cognitive inactivity, depression, physical inactivity, and obesity; and these midlife risk factors could be tackled early to prevent or delay the onset of dementia.
This study will assess the efficacy of an interactive, online, video game-based cognitive behavioral intervention to promote active aging from an integral health perspective, targeting emotional well-being, cognition, healthy life habits (sleep hygiene, physical activity, and eating habits), and social support.
Randomization will occur after screening and baseline assessments. An independent researcher (allocation concealment) will make allocation cards using computer-generated random numbers. He will keep the original random allocation sequences in an inaccessible location and will work with a copy. The randomization sequence will be communicated to the researchers in sealed numbered envelopes, one for each participant, with instructions to use them in numerical order.
Sample size calculation: We estimate that a sample size of 78 participants per group will be required, based on a previous meta-analysis of video game-based interventions for active aging reported effect sizes for mood and objectively measured physical health of 0.26 and 0.34, respectively, and another meta-analysis of video games for training cognition in older adults reported an effect size of 0.37, and assuming 80% power at a 0.05 (two-tailed) significance level and a mean of 8% attrition. To safeguard against an estimated 12% to 15% loss to follow-up, a minimum of 180 participants (90 in each group) must be recruited.
Ethics: Ethics approval has been obtained from the Bioethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain), and the project complies with the Declaration of Helsinki. The confidentiality of all participants will be guaranteed. Participants will have to give their informed consent, which has been approved by the Bioethics Committee of the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Video game-based intervention | Experimental | The participants in the experimental group will receive a cognitive-behavioral intervention for active aging via an interactive online multimedia video game with a complementary App. The intervention will consist of 8 modules each approximately 45 minutes long that will be administered at a rate of 1 per week with between-session homework. |
|
| Control group | Active Comparator | Individuals assigned to this group will receive online therapeutically inactive information about active aging. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Video game-based intervention | Behavioral | The intervention will be administered via an online graphic-adventure video game. It includes 3 components: depression prevention, cognitive stimulation, and healthy habits promotion. The depression prevention component will be adapted from an indicated depression prevention program based on the model by Lewinsohn, Hoberman, Teri, & Hautzinger, which is effective in short and long terms. The cognitive stimulation component is based on cognitive reserve and cerebral neuroplasticity. The healthy habits promotion component is based on the social learning and social cognitive theories. The App will allow participants to expand information, check progression, and receive reminders about homework |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Health Status to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Health status will be measured with the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey [SF-36]. This is a self-administered measure that assesses perceived health status. It contains 36 items that form 8 dimensions: General health, Physical functioning, Physical role functioning, Bodily pain, Vitality, Social functioning, Emotional role functioning, and Mental health. The 8 dimensions are obtained by recalibrating scores for 10 items, computing raw scales, and transforming them to a 0-100 scale. Dimension scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status. Their internal consistencies (Cronbach's alphas) range from .71 to .94. These dimensions can be combined in two factors (Physical health and Mental health) with an average of 50 and a standard deviation of 10, and internal consistencies of .94 and .89, respectively. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change from baseline Emotional distress to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | This will be measured with the General Health Questionnaire [GHQ-12]. This self-administered questionnaire consists of 12 items and assesses emotional distress. The person evaluates each item based on their emotional distress using a Likert scale with four response options ranging from "better than usual" to "much worse than usual," which are scored using a bimodal response scale (0, 0, 1, 1). The total score ranges from 0 to 12, with higher scores indicating greater emotional distress. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) is .86 for people under 65 and .90 for people 65 and older. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographic characteristics | Sociodemographic characteristics will be collected through a questionnaire elaborated ad hoc for this study. Participant data will include sex, age, marital status, family monthly income per household, level of education, and main occupation. | Pre-intervention |
| Cognitive function |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Fernando L. Vázquez González, PhD | University of Santiago de Compostela | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Research Group on Mental Health and Psychopatology | Santiago de Compostela | A Coruña | 15782 | Spain |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 7783470 | Background | Alonso J, Prieto L, Anto JM. [The Spanish version of the SF-36 Health Survey (the SF-36 health questionnaire): an instrument for measuring clinical results]. Med Clin (Barc). 1995 May 27;104(20):771-6. Spanish. | |
| 17499078 | Background | Armento ME, Hopko DR. The Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS): development, validity, and reliability. Behav Ther. 2007 Jun;38(2):107-19. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2006.05.003. Epub 2006 Dec 12. |
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Researchers will report study results through publications. The data supporting these findings will be presented in the main publications, and the datasets used during the study can be obtained from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D035061 | Control Groups |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015340 | Epidemiologic Research Design |
| D004812 | Epidemiologic Methods |
| D008919 | Investigative Techniques |
| D012107 | Research Design |
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| Control group | Other | The active control group will have access to a platform of online therapeutically inactive information related to active aging. |
|
| Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Depressive symptomatology to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Depressive symptoms as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]. This 20-item scale is self-administered and assesses depressive symptoms. The person evaluates each item based on how often they have experienced it in the last week using a Likert scale with four response options ranging from 0 (rarely or none of the time) to 3 (most of the time). The total score ranges from 0 to 60, where higher scores correspond to greater depressive symptomatology. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the scale is .89. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Reinforcement to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | To evaluate the reinforcement, we will use the Environmental Reward Observation Scale [EROS]. It is a self-administered 10-item scale that assesses the degree of positive reinforcement contingent on the response received from the media. Each item is evaluated based on the degree to which the individual believes applies to them, according to a Likert scale with four response options ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The total score ranges from 10 to 40, with higher scores indicating more positive reinforcement. The internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) of the Spanish version is .86. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Negative automatic thoughts to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | The occurrence of automatic negative thoughts will be assessed through the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire [ATQ]. This is a 30-item self-report questionnaire that assesses negative thoughts. The subject must indicate the frequency for which a number of thoughts have suddenly arisen in their mind over the last week on a five-point scale from 1 (never) to 5 (always). Scores range between 30 and 150, with a higher score indicating more negative thoughts experienced by the subject. The ATQ's internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) is .96. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Self-reported memory to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Self-reported memory will be measured with the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire [MMQ]. This 57-item self-administered test assesses subjective memory. Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale based on the test taker's experiences over the previous two weeks. It comprises three dimensions: Contentment, Ability, and Strategy. Contentment measures satisfaction, concern, and overall appraisal of one's own memory; the score ranges from 0 to 72, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction. The internal consistency is .95. Ability measures self-perception of everyday memory ability; the score range is 0 to 80, with higher scores indicating better self-reported memory ability, with an internal consistency of .93. Strategy measures the use of practical memory strategies in day-to-day life; the score range is 0 to 76, with higher scores indicating greater use of memory strategies. The internal consistency is .83. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Cognitive tasks | The number of cognitive tasks completed during the video game will be counted and registered. | During the intervention sessions (8 weeks) |
| Change from baseline Sleep hygiene behaviors to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Participants' sleep hygiene behaviors will be assessed with the Sleep Hygiene Index [SHI]. It is a 13-item self-report measure designed to assess the practice of sleep hygiene behaviors. Each item is rated on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (never) to 4 (always). The total score ranges from 0 to 52, with a higher score representing poorer sleep hygiene. Its internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) is .66. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Physical Activity to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Participants' physical activity will be assessed with the Brief Physical Activity Assessment Tool [BPAAT]. This two-item questionnaire measures the frequency and duration of moderate and vigorous physical activity in an individual's usual week. Combining the results of both questions, scores can range from 0 to 8, with a higher score indicating higher physical activity. In addition, the subject can be classified as sufficiently (≥4 score) or insufficiently active (0-3 score). The questionnaire has good test-retest reliability and content validity. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Eating habits to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Eating habits will be assessed with the Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants-Shortened Version [REAP-S]. This 16-item scale assesses the consumption of different food groups. The total score ranges from 13 to 39, with a higher score representing better eating habits. This instrument has shown good convergent validity with the Block Semi Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and is based on the Dietary Guidelines of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion) and the Healthy People 2010 objectives. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Body Mass Index to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | The Body Mass Index (BMI) is a measure of nutritional status in adults. It is defined as an individual's weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2) and classifies nutritional status as underweight, normal weight, pre-obesity, and obesity (I, II, and III). | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Change from baseline Social support to post-treatment (9 weeks), and follow-ups at 6 and 12 months | Social support will be assessed with the Duke-UNC Functional Social Support Questionnaire [Duke-UNC-11]. This self-report 11-item test assesses perceived social support. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The total score ranges from 11 to 55, with a higher score representing more social support. Its internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) is .90. | Pre- and post-intervention (9 weeks) with follow-ups at 6 and 12 months |
| Drop outs and treatment adherence | Dropouts and treatment adherence will be assessed through frequency, duration playing the videogame and between-session homework accomplishment. It will be automatically registered and monitored through the online platform and the App companion. | During the intervention sessions (8 weeks) |
| Satisfaction with the service received | Participant satisfaction with the service received will be evaluated upon intervention completion. We will use the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire [CSQ-8]. It is a 8-item scale with 4 possible answers and a final ranking score ranging from 8 to 32, where a higher score implies greater satisfaction with the service received. It has an internal consistency of .80. | Post-intervention (9 weeks) |
Cognitive function will be assessed with the Mini-mental State Examination [MMSE]. This 30-item instrument is used extensively in clinical and research settings to measure cognitive impairment. It has norms adjusted for age and education, good reliability values, and a sensitivity of 89.8% and specificity of 75.1%. |
| Screening |
| Diagnostic Interview | For the diagnostic interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview [M.I.N.I.] will be used. This diagnostic interview explores the main mental disorders of Axis I of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) or International Classification Diseases (ICD-10) and must be applied by a clinician. It has adequate validity and reliability. | Screening |
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| 41088013 | Derived | Blanco V, Otero P, Cotardo T, Bouza Q, Torres AJ, Vazquez FL. Efficacy of a video game for promoting active and healthy aging (Initial Version): a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2025 Oct 14;25(1):3477. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-23792-z. |
| 34283917 | Derived | Otero P, Cotardo T, Blanco V, Vazquez FL. Development of a Videogame for the Promotion of Active Aging Through Depression Prevention, Healthy Lifestyle Habits, and Cognitive Stimulation for Middle-to-Older Aged Adults. Games Health J. 2021 Aug;10(4):264-274. doi: 10.1089/g4h.2020.0165. Epub 2021 Jul 20. |
| 31815656 | Derived | Vazquez FL, Torres AJ, Otero P, Blanco V, Lopez L, Garcia-Casal A, Arrojo M. Cognitive-behavioral intervention via interactive multimedia online video game for active aging: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2019 Dec 9;20(1):692. doi: 10.1186/s13063-019-3859-5. |
| D008722 | Methods |