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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| R01DC011287 | U.S. NIH Grant/Contract | View source |
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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) | NIH |
| Children's Hospital of Philadelphia | OTHER |
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The investigators will conduct a systematic study of the sensory perception of a diverse set of commonly used pediatric liquid medications and excipients in tandem with an equally complete genetic analysis of the adult sensory panelists to investigate the relationship between genetic variation and individual differences in the perceived flavor (taste, smell, irritation) of pediatric medicines. The flavor of each medicine and excipient will be measured individually using both cognitively demanding methods unsuitable for young children and simpler measures validated for use by children. Salivary DNA samples will be collected to carry out genome wide association study (GWAS).
This is a single-site, cross-sectional, repeated measures study of healthy adult panelists which will investigate individual differences in the taste of a diverse set of commonly used pediatric liquid medications (e.g., clindamycin, prednisone, dexamethasone, mercaptopurine, ibuprofen, lopinavir/ritonavir, propylthiouracil) and excipients (e.g., sucrose, citric acid, bitter agents, salt, menthol and other odors) in tandem with genetic analysis. Because the medication given to pediatric patients is the whole liquid formulation (API + excipients), the investigators' approach will be to have panelists taste (without swallowing) what patients taste. Using validated psychophysical tools such as the general labelled magnitude scale (gLMS), the hedonic gLMS, and the hedonic 5-face scale, adults panelists will rate the intensity of the basic tastes, overall intensity, irritation, or palatability (hedonics) of a variety of pediatric drugs (with and without noseclips), along with generally recognized as safe (GRAS) taste and odor stimuli commonly used in basic research and/or as excipients in many liquid formulations These data will establish whether the palatability and flavor of each medicine varies among adult panelists. From these data, the investigators will determine a) whether the dislike of one medicine by a panelist predicts their dislike of another medicine in the same class or medicines with the same excipients; b) whether variation in the flavor and palatability ratings of each medicine relates to variation in genetic polymorphisms, as determined from the GWAS; and c) whether the panelists' palatability ratings of each medicine, as assessed by the simpler hedonic 5-face scale, is significantly related to hedonic gLMS ratings.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Healthy Women and Men | Group of healthy women and men |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Flavor ratings (using general labelled magnitude scale, gLMS) of pediatric medicines and excipients | Flavor ratings of each pediatric medicine and excipient as assessed by the general labelled magnitude scale [gLMS]; each medicine and each excipient is rated individually; range 0 [minimum, no flavor] to 100 [maximum; strongest flavor rating] | Through study completion, an average of 3 years |
| Palatability ratings (using hedonic general labelled magnitude scale, hedonic gLMS) of the flavor of pediatric medicines and excipients | Ratings of the palatabillity of the flavor of each medicine and excipient, as assessed by the hedonic general labelled magnitude scale; each medicine and each excipient is rated individually, range: -100 [minimum palatability rating] to 0 [neither like nor dislike] to 100 [maximum /strongest imaginable palatability ratings] | Through study completion, an average of 3 years |
| Detect genetic associations (GWAS) with flavor and palatability ratings of pediatric medicines | To detect genetic associations with taste and palatability ratings phenotypes of each medicine | After study completion, 2021-2022 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hedonic ratings (using 5 face scale) of the flavor of pediatric medicines | Ratings of the liking of the flavor of each medicine, as assessed by the simpler, hedonic 5-face scale; each medicine is rated individually; range: 1 (minimum, greatest dislike score) to 5 (maximum; greatest liking score). Each panelist's hedonic 5-face scale rating will be correlated with the more sophisticated hedonic gLMS rating for each medicine to lay the foundation for future research in pediatric populations |
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Inclusion Criteria:
- Men and women who are between the ages of 18 and 55 years
Exclusion Criteria include the following:
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Healthy men and women between the ages of 18 and 55 years
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Julie A. Mennella, PhD | Monell Chemical Senses Center | Principal Investigator |
| Elizabeth Lowenthal, MD | Children's Hospital of Philadelphia | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monell Chemical Senses Center | Philadelphia | Pennsylvania | 19104 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 28923290 | Background | Mennella JA, Mathew PS, Lowenthal ED. Use of Adult Sensory Panel to Study Individual Differences in the Palatability of a Pediatric HIV Treatment Drug. Clin Ther. 2017 Oct;39(10):2038-2048. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.08.012. Epub 2017 Sep 18. | |
| 23886820 | Background | Mennella JA, Spector AC, Reed DR, Coldwell SE. The bad taste of medicines: overview of basic research on bitter taste. Clin Ther. 2013 Aug;35(8):1225-46. doi: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2013.06.007. Epub 2013 Jul 22. |
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dbGAP
2023 and for 1 year
To be developed
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Identification of genetic polymorphisms in DNA from saliva samples collected at baseline that are associated with variation in flavor and palatability ratings of pediatric medicines through genome wide association study of adult panelists
| Through study completion, an average of 3 years |
| 24422940 | Background | Kalva JJ, Sims CA, Puentes LA, Snyder DJ, Bartoshuk LM. Comparison of the hedonic general Labeled Magnitude Scale with the hedonic 9-point scale. J Food Sci. 2014 Feb;79(2):S238-45. doi: 10.1111/1750-3841.12342. Epub 2014 Jan 14. |
| 16733341 | Background | Snyder DJ, Prescott J, Bartoshuk LM. Modern psychophysics and the assessment of human oral sensation. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2006;63:221-241. doi: 10.1159/000093762. |
| 28497993 | Background | Bobowski N, Mennella JA. Personal Variation in Preference for Sweetness: Effects of Age and Obesity. Child Obes. 2017 Oct;13(5):369-376. doi: 10.1089/chi.2017.0023. Epub 2017 May 12. |
| 27966661 | Background | Bobowski N, Reed DR, Mennella JA. Variation in the TAS2R31 bitter taste receptor gene relates to liking for the nonnutritive sweetener Acesulfame-K among children and adults. Sci Rep. 2016 Dec 14;6:39135. doi: 10.1038/srep39135. |
| 40594245 | Derived | Kan M, Saraiva LR, Hwang LD, Lowenthal ED, Himes BE, Mennella JA. Genome-wide association study of the taste and hedonic ratings of the low-calorie sweetener acesulfame potassium. Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):22121. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05739-x. |