Although being classified as a rare disease, cardiac amyloidosis constitutes an increasing cause of heart failure, which is often overlooked and thus poorly managed. Amyloidosis involves deposits of light chain immunoglobulins in the immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis (AL) type, but it may also be of a hereditary type in mutated transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRm) or of a senile type in wildtype transthyretin forms (ATTRwt).

Myocardial biopsy remains a gold standard for definitive diagnosis but it is a traumatic technique which only provides information on a limited number of sampled sites.

Useful but not fully specific signs of cardiac amyloidosis may also be provided by Magnetic Resonance Imaging or MRI (delayed retention imaging) and echocardiography (longitudinal strain pattern).

Notwithstanding the above, relatively specific markers of amyloid plaques are now available in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). These markers are primarily fluorinated tracers which have been developed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Two of these have already been the subject of feasibility studies in the setting of cardiac amyloidosis diagnosis, on a maximum of 10 amyloidosis patients but with very favorable results.

The hypothesis is that one of these two tracers, Florbetaben labelled with Fluorine-18-Florbetaben (18F-Florbetaben) used in the study, has sufficiently strong and prolonged binding kinetics at the level of the amyloid plaques to allow: (i) achieving whole-body PET recordings and thus, (ii) identifying not only cardiac amyloidosis but also extracardiac binding sites, particularly those readily accessible to biopsy sampling. This hypothesis has been strengthened by a recent case report illustrating the ability of whole-body florbetaben-PET to image not only cardiac but also extra-cardiac sites of amyloid deposits (Clin Nucl Med. 2017;42(1):50-3).

In addition, distinctive imaging patterns pointing to amyloidosis may also be documented by other imaging techniques although insufficiently specific (e.g. decreased cardiac uptake of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG), evocative pattern of delayed retention at Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) or at strain echocardiography. Specific markers of amyloid plaques have been developed for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and were initially labeled with carbon-11 and more recently, with fluor-18. Most of these markers have already been the subject of feasibility studies on limited numbers of amyloidosis patients (max 10) but with favorable results. In a previous pilot study, one of these tracers, the 18F-Florbetaben used in the present study-protocol, exhibited particularly slow kinetics, with differences in cardiac uptake between patients and controls still being documented as late as 80-min following injection. This uptake was also found to be somewhat lower in the 5 ATTR patients comparatively to the 5 AL patients. It may be hypothesized that 18F-Florbetaben has sufficiently slow and prolonged binding kinetics at the level of the amyloid plaques to allow: (i) achieving whole-body PET recordings with current recording times of 20 to 30 min and thus, (ii) identifying not only cardiac amyloidosis but also extracardiac binding sites, particularly those readily accessible to biopsy sampling. This hypothesis has just been strengthened by a recent case report, published by investigators involved in the present project and illustrating the ability of whole-body 18F-Florbetaben-PET to image not only cardiac but also various extracardiac sites of amyloid deposits.The proposed study would be the first in which the sample size would be sufficient to provide a credible assessment of the ability of PET, using an amyloid plaque tracer, to identify cardiac amyloidosis and with a possible separate analysis of ATTR and AL forms. Moreover, it would also constitute the first study involving an extensive use of whole-body PET imaging to assess the benefit of amyloidosis detection, not only at the cardiac level, but also at peripheral sites, especially those accessible for biopsy (tongue, rectum, salivary glands, carpal tunnel, liver, subcutaneous tissue, thyroid,...).

Being able to confirm or invalidate the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis in a non-invasive manner and by guiding biopsy sampling to the most active extracardiac sites would be a major step forward for these patients whose diagnosis is most often established too late, i.e. at an advanced stage of heart failure.

In the longer term,18F-Florbetaben whole-body PET could be helpful for the non-invasive monitoring of the evolution of cardiac as well as extracardiac sites of amyloid deposits under dedicated specific treatments (chemotherapies in AL forms and specific treatments currently under investigation for the AL forms). Such monitoring is still impossible today.

Inclusion Criteria:

• For all study participants

  1. Person affiliated to or beneficiary of, a social security plan
  2. Person informed about study organization and having signed the informed consent

• For ATTR amyloidosis patients:

  1. left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with a diastolic septal thickness ≥ 15 mm at echography (as defined by the current distribution of this parameter in the ATTR patients involved in a French national cohort of the Henri Mondor Hospital),
  2. clearly positive bone scan (> mild cardiac uptake) and/or concordant results at pathology of cardiac or extra-cardiac sites (Congo red-positive deposits under crossed polarized light and immunohistochemical staining for transthyretin).

• For AL amyloidosis patients:

  1. left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with a diastolic septal thickness ≥ 13 mm at echography (as defined by the current distribution of this parameter in the AL patients involved in the French national cohort of the Henri Mondor Hospital),
  2. significant cardiac disease evidenced by an increase in plasma N-Terminal ProBNP (or BNP) and/or in troponin T (or I), corresponding to a Mayo clinic score ≥ 2 ,
  3. concordant results at pathology of cardiac or extra-cardiac sites (Congo red-positive deposits under crossed polarized light and immunohistochemical staining for κ and λ immunoglobulin light chains).

• For control subjects:

  1. History of surgical or Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI)treatment of aortic stenosis
  2. Matching with amyloidosis patients according to gender and age (± 5 years).
  3. Cardiac hypertrophy with a diastolic septal thickness ≥ 15 mm at echography when matching with an ATTR patient and ≥ 13 mm when matching with an AL patient.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known allergy to the active substance and to any excipient for 18F-Florbetaben or for the bone scintigraphy radiotracer (99mTc-MDP)

2. Pregnancy, breastfeeding and woman of childbearing age without effective contraception

3. Person referred in articles L.1121-5 to L.1121-8 and L.1122-2 of the Public Health Code:

   • Pregnant, parturient or breastfeeding woman
   • Person deprived of liberty for judicial or administrative decision
   • Person under psychiatric care
   • Person admitted to health or social institution for other reasons than research
   • Minor person (non-emancipated)
   • Adult person under legal protection (any form of public guardianship)
   • Adult person incapable of giving consent and not under legal protection

4. No obvious cause of cardiac disease except for mild to moderate hypertension in all study subjects, for cardiac amyloidosis in the amyloidosis groups and for aortic stenosis in the control group

5. Impossibility of performing 18F-Florbetaben PET (agitated, confused patient, etc.).

6. Sever left ventricular dysfunction with an ejection fraction ≤ 35%

7. Severe hepatic or renal failure.

8. For control patients only: monoclonal gammopathy on a previous protein electrophoresis or ≥ mild cardiac uptake on a previous bone scintigraphy.