The influence of early environmental factors, including nutrition, on future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and, in a broader view, the concept of early metabolic programming and future health have been extensively discussed during the past decades. Observational studies have suggested that formula-fed infants as compared with breastfed infants have an elevated risk of future CVD.

The influence of early environmental factors, including nutrition, on future cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and, in a broader view, the concept of early metabolic programming and future health have been extensively discussed during the past decades. Observational studies have suggested that formula-fed infants as compared with breastfed infants have an elevated risk of future CVD, since they have faster early growth rate and higher risk of overweight, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, and unfavorable blood lipid profile in adult age. Formula-fed preterm infants have higher serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration, higher serum low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein (LDL:HDL) ratio, and higher serum apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 (apoB:apoA1) ratio in adolescence as compared with preterm infants receiving banked breast milk.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Breastfed infants

2. Formula-fed infants

3. Raw milk fed infants

4. Mixed fed infants

   1. Breast milk plus raw milk
   2. Breast milk plus formula

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Children with Cong. Heart Disease, family history of congenital hyperlipidemia and cases which prove hyperlipidemia of high levels (congenital).

Patients will be recruited outpatient clinic of Assiut pediatric hospital