Early termination

The objective of this study is to test a standard psychotherapy for PTSD in Veterans who also suffer from Opiate Use Disorder (OUD). Specifically, this study will test whether Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT)-C is more effective in treating PTSD, compared to a control group (Individual Drug Counseling (IDC); which approximates treatment as usual), among Veterans with PTSD and comorbid OUD who are maintained on buprenorphine.

The study has three phases. In Phase I: induction to buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NLX) maintenance. Phase II: treatment. During this phase participants will be randomly assigned to CPT-C or IDC for 12 weeks. They will be seen weekly for psychotherapy and also regularly (weekly, then biweekly, then monthly) for buprenorphine management, symptom evaluation, and medication refill. After completing treatment participants will be referred to a buprenorphine clinic for ongoing care. Phase III: follow-up.

Approximately 160 male and female Veterans (18-65 years old) with PTSD and comorbid opiate use disorder (OUD) will be enrolled in this study. Recruitment will be through VA clinics, word-of-mouth, referrals from area programs and by advertisement. Veterans who are interested will complete a brief pre-screening and detailed in-person screening. After completing the screening process, all eligible participants will be started on buprenorphine maintenance and once withdrawal symptoms are stabilized, participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions (CPT-C or IDC) for 12 weeks. Veterans who are already on BUP/NLX will be allowed to participate and will start at Phase II of the study, after completing the screening.

The purpose of this study is to test whether Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT-C) is more effective than Individual Drug Counseling (IDC), which is standard counseling, for the treatment of PTSD among Veterans with PTSD and comorbid opioid use disorder who are also maintained on buprenorphine. The investigators propose to conduct a randomized, controlled trial and Veterans (n=160) diagnosed with PTSD and comorbid OUD will be randomized to one of 2 groups: (a) buprenorphine and CPT-C or (b) buprenorphine and IDC (treatment as usual).

Primary Aim 1:.To test whether CPT-C is more effective than IDC in treating symptoms of PTSD among Veterans with OUD maintained on buprenorphine. PTSD symptoms will be measured using the PTSD Checklist - Military version (PCL-5) and confirmed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria (CAPS-5).

Secondary Aim 1: To test whether CPT-C is more effective than IDC in reducing opioid use among Veterans with PTSD and comorbid OUD maintained on buprenorphine. Opioid use will be measured using the Timeline Follow-back (TLFB) and confirmed by urine toxicology results.

Exploratory Aims: To examine if treatment groups differ in 1) retention, measured by days in treatment, 2) psychosocial functioning, measured by the Veterans RAND 12-Item Short Form Health Survey (VR-12), 3) sleep as measured by the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), since sleep disturbance is a hallmark of PTSD and during early abstinence from opioids, and 4) Because of the high comorbidity between PTSD and chronic pain the investigators will explore this relationship and will measure pain intensity (measured by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), and functional impairment using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS-29) longitudinally over the course of treatment. Follow up will be conducted 1 and 3 months after completion of the study to evaluate durability of effect on PTSD symptoms (measured as changes in PTSD symptoms), opioid use and treatment utilization.

This study will be a randomized, open-label clinical trial. The study has three phases. In Phase I: induction to buprenorphine/naloxone (BUP/NLX) maintenance. Phase II: treatment. During this phase participants will be randomly assigned to CPT-C or IDC for 12 weeks. They will be seen weekly for psychotherapy and also regularly (weekly, then biweekly, then monthly) for buprenorphine management, symptom evaluation, and medication refill. After completing treatment participants will be referred to a buprenorphine clinic for ongoing care. Phase III: follow-up.

Approximately 160 male and female Veterans (18-65 years old) with PTSD and comorbid opiate use disorder (OUD) will be enrolled in this study. Recruitment will be through VA clinics, word-of-mouth, referrals from area programs and by advertisement. Veterans who are interested will complete a brief pre-screening and detailed in-person screening (including: consent, lab work, interview with clinician including the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-5) and Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5), medical and psychiatric history). After completing the screening process, all eligible participants will be started on buprenorphine maintenance and once withdrawal symptoms are stabilized, participants will be randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions (CPT-C or IDC) for 12 weeks. Veterans who are already on BUP/NLX will be allowed to participate and will start at Phase II of the study, after completing the screening. The investigators will use mixed effects models to assess changes in PTSD symptoms and opiate use over time. Treatments will be used as between-subject factors and time (in weeks) will be used as a within-subject factor. The primary outcome variables will be PTSD symptoms as measured by the PCL-5 and CAPS scales. The secondary outcome variables will be frequency of opiate use generated from the TLFB and confirmed with urine toxicology results at each medication visit (weeks 1-4, 6,8, 12) and follow-up.

Potential benefits of participation in this study may include a reduction in PTSD symptoms. However, there is no guarantee or promise that participants will receive any benefit from participation in this study.

Since 11 September 2001, more than 1.5 million Service Members have deployed more than 2 million times in support of combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. One of the signature injuries from these operations is PTSD. Various reports of the post-deployment health-related needs estimated that 20% of Veterans returning from deployment will have symptoms of PTSD or related behavioral health conditions. In addition, the prescription opioid epidemic has seriously affected Veterans, and Veterans with PTSD are more likely to abuse opioids and to have high-risk behaviors. Nevertheless, treating comorbid PTSD and OUD has not been systematically tested. This study proposes to test an evidence based psychotherapy for PTSD vs. individual drug counseling in Veterans given opioid maintenance treatment who have both PTSD and OUD.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Current diagnosis of PTSD as determined by an independent evaluator assessment using CAPS-5.

• Opioid Use Disorder diagnosed by Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 (SCID-V)

  • To meet entry criteria for buprenorphine treatment:

    • will also have documented prior treatment for opioid use disorder
    • history of opioid withdrawal or signs of opiate withdrawal as evidenced by a Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale (COWS) score of 7 or greater
    • a positive urine toxicology for opioids

• Medically and neurologically healthy on the basis of:

  • history
  • physical examination
  • EKG
  • screening blood tests (CBC w/ differential, Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Free-T4, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, total protein, albumin, electrolytes, urinalysis, urine toxicology, beta-HCG)

• For women, negative pregnancy test and use of acceptable method of contraception

Exclusion Criteria:

• Females who are pregnant or lactating

• Veterans with a current unstable medical condition such as:

  • neurological
  • cardiovascular
  • endocrine
  • renal
  • liver
  • or thyroid pathology (e.g. abnormal BUN and creatinine, and unmanaged hypertension with BP > 200/120) which in the opinion of the physician would preclude the patient from fully cooperating or be of potential harm during the course of the study

• Veterans who meet current criteria for the following diagnoses (bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders) as determined by the SCID-V

• Veterans who have significant current suicidal or homicidal risks necessitating a higher level of care

• Those with known allergy or intolerance to buprenorphine

12 weeks

Events are not listed separately for each intervention but are reported by trial arm.

To fully assess and appreciate complex symptomatology in this patient population, assessments were selected to have both relevance to the investigators' study of PTSD and comorbid OUD. Assessments will be done by an Independent Evaluator (IE) blind to treatment group.