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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Centre for Aging and Brain Health Innovation | OTHER |
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The current study is designed to test the effectiveness of online programs for memory and executive functions in healthy aging. The investigators are testing online adaptations of two cognitive interventions that have been extensively studied, validated, and implemented in clinical settings: The Memory & Aging Program (MAP) targets normal memory change in healthy aging, and Goal Management Training (GMT) targets executive functioning deficits in a variety of cognitive and neurological conditions including healthy aging. Both programs combine psycho-education, targeted skills training and clinical support to empower participants with knowledge and strategies to harness their cognitive faculties. These programs are being tested against a waitlist control as well as against a commercial/research brain training platform (Cambridge Brain Sciences) in a design comparing performance on memory and executive functioning measures before and after the interventions/controls. The main hypothesis is that MAP will lead to memory-specific improvements above control conditions, whereas GMT will lead to greater improvements in measures of executive functions relative to controls.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Goal Management Training | Experimental | The online version of GMT with a therapist on the back-end monitoring progress and giving feedback throughout the program. Online GMT takes 5-9 weeks (self-paced) to complete 9 modules involving instructional video with interactive content, practice of cognitive strategies through games, and between-module exercises. |
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| Memory & Aging Program | Experimental | The online version of MAP with a therapist moderator on the course discussion pages. MAP takes 5-9 weeks (self-paced) to complete 8 modules involving instructional video with interactive content and practice of memory strategies through various exercises. |
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| Cambridge Brain Sciences Training | Placebo Comparator | This is a commercial and research brain training platform, composed of 7 games that are online adaptations of the standard measures of cognition including working memory and spacial planning. |
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| Waitlist | No Intervention | Participants randomized to this arm will receive no additional information or access to intervention programs until after the follow up testing measures are collected, at which point they will be given access to the intervention of their choosing. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Goal Management Training | Behavioral | Pre-recorded videos and games combine psycho-education, targeted skills training, and mindfulness practice to teach a system where participants can take control of their attention and cognitive faculties. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in dysexecutive functioning | Dysexecutive Functioning Index (DEX) questionnaire measures self-reported deficits in executive functions, and is composed of one scale with scores ranging from 0-80, where higher scores indicate greater executive deficit. | Pre-intervention; immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in cognitive failures | Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) measures self-reported failures in perception, memory, and motor function. It contains a single scale with scores ranging from 0-100, where higher scores indicate greater degree of impairment. | Pre-intervention; immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in memory knowledge score | Memory Knowledge Quiz quantifies memory, lifestyle, and strategy knowledge. It is scored from 0-25, with higher scores indicating more knowledge about knowledge of lifestyle factors affecting memory and strategies to remember. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in memory strategy toolbox use | Memory Strategy Toolbox quantifies application of strategies in memory-demanding everyday situations. It is scored from 0 - 6, with higher scores indicating increased ability to apply memory strategy toolbox. | Pre-intervention; immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in Multifactorial Metamemory Questionnaire (MMQ) | Quantifies subjective memory abilities, satisfaction, and strategy use. The MMQ contains 3 sub scales, but we are using total score as our outcome variable. MMQ total scores range from 0 - 228, with higher scores indicting high self-reported memory performance, satisfaction with it, and use of memory strategies. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Patient-Specific Functional Scale | Quantifies the impact of memory changes on daily activities and self-image. Is scored from 0 -10, with higher scores indicating greater ability to perform function, and taken as an average across number of activities scored. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Brian Levine, PhD | Rotman Research Institute | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baycrest Health Sciences | Toronto | Ontario | M6A2E1 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Background | Brandt, J., Spencer, M., & Folstein, M. (1988). The Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology, 1(2), 111-117. | ||
| 7126941 | Background | Broadbent DE, Cooper PF, FitzGerald P, Parkes KR. The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and its correlates. Br J Clin Psychol. 1982 Feb;21(1):1-16. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1982.tb01421.x. | |
| Background | Burgess, P. W., Alderman, N., Wilson, B. A., Evans, J. J., & Emslie, H. (1996). The dysexecutive questionnaire. Behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome. Bury St. Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company. | ||
| 23259956 |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Jul 6, 2018 | Jul 9, 2018 | Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D060825 | Cognitive Dysfunction |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003072 | Cognition Disorders |
| D019965 | Neurocognitive Disorders |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |
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Participants are screened, undergo a battery of cognitive testing for the pre-test, and then are randomly assigned to one of four intervention groups: MAP, GMT, Cambridge Brain Sciences brain training (active control), or waitlist. After intervention, the participants take the same test battery and complete it once more at 6 week followup.
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The study personnel who conduct screening and send pre/post-test surveys to participants are all blinded.
Randomizer is blinded to all participant pre-test outcomes. Care providers know what their participants are doing, but not aware of the full study design, including details of the other conditions or outcome test characteristics.
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| Memory & Aging Program | Behavioral | Pre-recorded videos and activities combine psycho-education, memory strategy training, and social support to educate about normal memory change in aging, normalize the experience of participants going through it, and equip them to handle age-related memory change. |
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| Cambridge Brain Sciences | Behavioral | Commercial brain training software available for subscription to the general public and for research studies. |
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| Pre-intervention; immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in Impact of Memory Change on Daily Activities | Memory Impact Questionnaire (MIQ) quantifies the impact of memory changes on daily activities and self-image. The MIQ has three sub scales: Lifestyle Restriction, Positive Coping and Negative Emotion, and total score will be used as the outcome variable. Scores range from 0 - 204, with higher scores indicating greater impact of memory change on daily activities and self image. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in intentions to seek medical attention | Quantifies change in intentions to seek medical attention pertaining to memory concerns. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in Cambridge Brain Sciences online cognitive assessment | Battery of tasks that assess aspects of memory and reasoning. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Change in associative memory | Face-name task tests associative memory and sensitivity (d') will be measured as the outcome score. | Pre-intervention (post-randomization); immediate post-intervention; 6 weeks following intervention completion. |
| Background |
| Hampshire A, Highfield RR, Parkin BL, Owen AM. Fractionating human intelligence. Neuron. 2012 Dec 20;76(6):1225-37. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.022. |
| 17166313 | Background | Levine B, Stuss DT, Winocur G, Binns MA, Fahy L, Mandic M, Bridges K, Robertson IH. Cognitive rehabilitation in the elderly: effects on strategic behavior in relation to goal management. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007 Jan;13(1):143-52. doi: 10.1017/S1355617707070178. |
| 10824502 | Background | Levine B, Robertson IH, Clare L, Carter G, Hong J, Wilson BA, Duncan J, Stuss DT. Rehabilitation of executive functioning: an experimental-clinical validation of goal management training. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2000 Mar;6(3):299-312. doi: 10.1017/s1355617700633052. |
| 21369362 | Background | Levine B, Schweizer TA, O'Connor C, Turner G, Gillingham S, Stuss DT, Manly T, Robertson IH. Rehabilitation of executive functioning in patients with frontal lobe brain damage with goal management training. Front Hum Neurosci. 2011 Feb 17;5:9. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00009. eCollection 2011. |
| Background | Troyer, A. K. (2001). Improving memory knowledge, satisfaction, and functioning via an education and intervention program for older adults. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 8(4), 256-268 |
| 17943615 | Background | Troyer AK, Murphy KJ, Anderson ND, Moscovitch M, Craik FI. Changing everyday memory behaviour in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: a randomised controlled trial. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2008 Jan;18(1):65-88. doi: 10.1080/09602010701409684. |
| 11773220 | Background | Troyer AK, Rich JB. Psychometric properties of a new metamemory questionnaire for older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2002 Jan;57(1):P19-27. doi: 10.1093/geronb/57.1.p19. |
| 3644262 | Background | Walker SN, Sechrist KR, Pender NJ. The Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile: development and psychometric characteristics. Nurs Res. 1987 Mar-Apr;36(2):76-81. |
| Background | Welsh, K. A., Breitner, J.C.S., & Magruder-Habib, K.M. (1993) Detection of dementia in the elderly using telephone screening of cognitive status. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 6, 103-110. |
| 23611105 | Background | Wiegand MA, Troyer AK, Gojmerac C, Murphy KJ. Facilitating change in health-related behaviors and intentions: a randomized controlled trial of a multidimensional memory program for older adults. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(7):806-15. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2013.789000. Epub 2013 Apr 23. |
| 39672101 | Derived | Yusupov Rose I, Lass JW, D'Amico D, Zhu L, Rich JB, Levine B, Vandermorris S, Troyer AK. A self-guided e-learning program improves metamemory outcomes in healthy older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Aging Ment Health. 2025 Jun;29(6):1090-1099. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2024.2438839. Epub 2024 Dec 13. |