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Physical activity has been shown to reduce the risk of chronic diseases and promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, yet few women are active enough to see these benefits. Wearable activity trackers show promise for helping people increase their physical activity levels by supporting self-monitoring. However, few researchers have examined how providing people with these devices impacts physical activity levels, or motivation for physical activity which is a significant and robust predictor of physical activity. Based on previous research, it is possible that women's physical activity levels would be more likely to increase if they received an autonomy-supportive intervention to enhance motivation in addition to a wearable activity tracker. A pilot, three-armed randomized controlled trial was developed to test this hypothesis and to assess if changes in perceived autonomy-support, basic psychological need satisfaction/thwarting, motivational regulations, wellbeing indicators are associated with changes in physical activity over time.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Group 1 | Experimental | Participants in the main experimental group will receive a copy of the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines that provide basic information about and recommendations for physical activity, a wearable activity tracker to support self-monitoring, and autonomy-support delivered through weekly emails to help enhance motivation for physical activity. |
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| Group 2 | Active Comparator | Participants in this comparison group will receive a copy of the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines that provide basic information about and recommendations for physical activity, and a wearable activity tracker to support self-monitoring. They will not receive any specific support to enhance motivation for physical activity. |
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| Group 3 | Active Comparator | Participants in this information-only comparison group will receive a copy of the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines that provide basic information about and recommendations for physical activity. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Activity Information | Behavioral | Participants will receive a copy of the Canadian Physical Activity Guidelines. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Physical activity behaviour: International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) | Change in self-reported physical activity (over the past 7 days) from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Physical activity behaviour: Custom strength and resistance training questionnaire | Change in strength and resistance training habits from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Physical activity behaviour: Direct measure | Change in weekly directly measured levels of physical activity as measured by accelerometers (Polar A300), which will be worn by participants assigned to Group 1 and Group 2 during waking hours for the duration of the intervention. | Duration of intervention phase (8 weeks). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic questionnaire | Sociodemographic and health information will be collected at baseline to describe the sample. Measures include age, marital status, race, level of education, employment status, household income, number and age of children, self-rated health, medical conditions, menstrual status, smoking history, and weight-related goals. | Baseline (week 0). |
All participants will need to meet the following inclusion criteria to participate in the intervention:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Ottawa | Ottawa | Ontario | K1N6N5 | Canada |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21451172 | Background | Bartholomew KJ, Ntoumanis N, Ryan RM, Thogersen-Ntoumani C. Psychological need thwarting in the sport context: assessing the darker side of athletic experience. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2011 Feb;33(1):75-102. doi: 10.1123/jsep.33.1.75. | |
| Background | Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L., Hein, V., Pihu, M., Soós, I., & Karsai, I. (2007). The perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings (PASSES): Development, validity, and cross-cultural invariance in young people. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(5), 632-653. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2006.09.001 | ||
| 11556941 |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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| Physical Activity Monitoring | Behavioral | Participants will receive a wearable activity tracker (Polar A300). |
|
| Autonomy-support | Behavioral | Participants will receive eight autonomy-supportive weekly emails containing information and activities to help them set goals and make changes to become physically active. |
|
| Perceived autonomy support: Perceived Autonomy Support Scale for Exercise Settings (PASSES; Hagger et al., 2007) |
Change in perceived autonomy support for physical activity from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. |
| Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Basic psychological need satisfaction: Psychological Need Satisfaction in Exercise Scale (PNSE; Wilson, Rogers, Rodgers, & Wild, 2006) | Change in basic psychological need satisfaction for physical activity from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Motivational regulations: Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire (BREQ-2R; Markland & Tobin, 2004; Wilson, Rodgers, Loitz, & Scime, 2006) | Change in motivational regulations for physical activity from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Basic psychological need thwarting: Psychological Need Thwarting Scale (PNTS; Bartholomew, Ntoumanis, Ryan, & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, 2011) | Change in basic psychological need thwarting activity from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (I-PANAS-SF; Thompson, 2016; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988). | Change in affect from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | : Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Vitality: Subjective Vitality Scale (Ryan & Frederick, 1997). | Change in vitality affect from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Depression: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; Kroenke, Spitzer, & Williams, 2001). | Change in depressive symptoms from baseline to post-intervention, and from post-intervention to follow-up. | Baseline (week 0), post-intervention (week 9), and follow-up (week 21). |
| Wearable activity tracker usage: Multiple choice questions | Frequency of wearable activity tracker usage in general during the intervention phase for participants randomized to Group 1 or Group 2. | Post-intervention (week 9). |
| Recruitment rates | The number of eligible participants who enrol in the study out of the number assessed for eligibility. | Duration of recruitment and intervention phases (9 weeks). |
| Retention rates | The number of participants completing all scheduled assessments. | Duration of recruitment and intervention phases (9 weeks). |
| Acceptability: Open ended questions | For participants randomized to Group 1, what participants liked, disliked, and would change about the intervention. | Duration of recruitment and intervention phases (9 weeks). |
| Body mass | Change in body mass measured from baseline to post-intervention as determined using a scale (Tanita BWB 800S). | Baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 9). |
| Body composition | Change in body composition from baseline to post-intervention as determined by a scale (Tanita BWB 800S) that uses bioelectrical impedance to assess body composition. | Baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 9). |
| Waist circumference | Change in waist circumference from baseline to post-intervention as measured using a measuring tape. | Baseline (week 0) and post-intervention (week 9). |
| Background |
| Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13. doi: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x. |
| Background | Markland, D., & Tobin, V. (2004). A modification to the behavioural regulation in exercise questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26, 191-196. |
| 9327588 | Background | Ryan RM, Frederick C. On energy, personality, and health: subjective vitality as a dynamic reflection of well-being. J Pers. 1997 Sep;65(3):529-65. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00326.x. |
| Background | Thompson, E. R. (2016). Development and validation of an internationally reliable short-form of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(2), 227-242. doi:10.1177/0022022106297301 |
| 3397865 | Background | Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1988 Jun;54(6):1063-70. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. |
| Background | Wilson, P. M., Rodgers, W. M., Loitz, C., & Scime, G. (2006). "It's who I am… really!" The importance of integrated regulation in exercise contexts. Journal of Applied Biobehavioural Research, 11(2), 79-104. |
| Background | Wilson, P. M., Rogers, T., Rodgers, W. M., & Wild, C. (2006). The psychological need satisfaction in exercise scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28, 231-251. |
| 37788048 | Derived | Brunet J, Sharma S, Price J, Black M. Acceptability and Usability of a Theory-Driven Intervention via Email to Promote Physical Activity in Women Who Are Overweight or Obese: Substudy Within a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res. 2023 Oct 3;7:e48301. doi: 10.2196/48301. |
| 34927590 | Derived | Black M, Brunet J. A Wearable Activity Tracker Intervention With and Without Weekly Behavioral Support Emails to Promote Physical Activity Among Women Who Are Overweight or Obese: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021 Dec 16;9(12):e28128. doi: 10.2196/28128. |
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |