Patients with continued cognitive impairment after episodes of HE have few options beyond lactulose and rifaximin in the US. Therefore using IV albumin in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, which could beneficially impact inflammation, could be an additional approach to improve cognition.

This 6 week trial will study changes in cognition, HRQOL and inflammation in patients with covert HE after prior overt HE using multiple IV albumin infusions vs. placebo.

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a highly prevalent neuro-cognitive complication of cirrhosis characterized by cognitive dysfunction, and high rate of subsequent mortality and recurrence. HE also places a tremendous burden with a relentless increase in inpatient stay duration with charges topping $7244.7 million in 2009. There were almost 23,000 hospitalizations for HE in 2009 and far more patients with HE who are being managed as an outpatient in the US. In the NACSELD (North American Consortium for the Study of End-Stage Liver Disease) experience supported by Grifols, HE in inpatients is an independent risk factor for mortality and also the leading cause of readmissions in patients with cirrhosis.

HE has two major phases, an acute inpatient phase, where patients undergo evaluation for precipitating factors and HE treatment, and the post-discharge phase after HE resolution where the patient has a normal mental status but may be cognitively impaired. Furthermore, it is being increasingly recognized that even after the resolution of an acute HE episode with normal mental status and ability to understand and consent, patients do not regain their pre-HE cognitive function despite maximal therapy with the current standard of care. As many as 70% of patients with HE, despite standard of care, have residual significant cognitive impairments. Studies show that patients with HE, despite being on these medications which are standard of care, continue to have significant cognitive impairment translating into poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL), poor employment status, and very poor socio-economic status. This residual cognitive impairment is proportional to the number of HE episodes and places a heavy medical and socio-economic burden on patients, caregivers and society. In some cases, this approximates a dementia-like situation and makes this situation very difficult to manage.

These patients have three options in the current therapeutic situation which can improve brain function. However all of these options have problems in widespread acceptance or eligibility. First, if the patients are hyponatremic, correction of hyponatremia using tolvaptan can help but tolvaptan is now not FDA-approved for cirrhosis. Second a selected group of patients can undergo porto-systemic shunt embolization if their MELD score is <11 and they have a double shunt, which is the minority of individuals. Lastly a small trial done by our group showed improvement with fecal transplant but this requires several more years of study before this becomes mainstream.

Therefore, there is a major need for treating this continued cognitive impairment for which there are currently no widely-available therapeutic agents available but which can improve in selected cases. A medication or strategy that shows improvement in this functioning will be rapidly assimilated into the therapeutic algorithm and will potentially affect several thousand patients and their caregivers who continue to suffer from this issue.

There is strong evidence that this persistent cognitive impairment is accompanied by a sustained pro-inflammatory state that is not quenched by our current standard of care15. Ammonia, inflammation, endotoxemia, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction play an important role in the pathogenesis of HE. There is also evidence that in patients with advanced cirrhosis, i.e. those who are predisposed to HE, of reduction in albumin concentration and capacity to bind to these metabolites that precipitate HE.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Age >18 years

2. Cirrhosis defined by any one of the following

   1. Cirrhosis on liver biopsy or transient wave elastography
   2. Nodular liver on imaging
   3. Endoscopic or radiological evidence of varices in a patient with chronic liver disease
   4. Platelet count <150,000/mm3 and AST/ALT ratio >1 in a patient with chronic liver disease
   5. Patients with frank decompensation (ascites, HE, variceal bleeding, hepato-pulmonary syndrome)

3. Prior HE controlled on standard of care therapy defined as lactulose or rifaximin for at least 2 months prior to enrollment.

4. Serum albumin <4 gm/dl

5. Cognitive impairment on any of the three testing strategies for HE including Psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES), Stroop test and Critical Flicker Frequency

   1. PHES aggregate score <-4SD based on norms published in Allampati et al located at the website www.encephalapp.com
   2. Stroop OffTime+OnTime values greater than norms published in Allampati et al located at the website www.encephalapp.com
   3. Critical Flicker Frequency value <39 Hz

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Unclear diagnosis of cirrhosis (does not meet the criteria outlined above)
2. No prior overt HE episodes
3. HE uncontrolled on standard of care defined as a mini-mental status exam<25
4. On regular IV albumin infusions due to scheduled paracentesis within the last 3 months
5. Recent alcohol abuse (within 3 months)
6. Unable to give consent
7. Current or recent invasive bacterial or fungal infections (<1 month)
8. Allergic reactions to IV albumin
9. Current or recent congestive heart failure (Systolic ejection fraction <25%) within the last year
10. Pregnancy (positive urine pregnancy test at screening)
11. In the opinion of the PI, those who are unlikely to survive 6 weeks or be able to adhere to the trial activities.