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The purpose of this study is to test the potential ability of vinegar to significantly decrease visceral fat in healthy adults with "central obesity". During the 8-week trial, participants will either consume a low-dose vinegar pill (control treatment) or a vinegar drink twice per day.
Research Aim and Hypothesis H1 Daily vinegar consumption will be associated with loss in visceral fat (as measured by DXA) after 8 weeks compared to the placebo treatment (low-vinegar pill) in a group of healthy adults with "central obesity".
H2 Daily vinegar consumption will be associated with a decrease in abdominal circumference after 8 weeks compared to the placebo treatment (low-vinegar pill) in a group of healthy adults with "central obesity".
This randomized, placebo-controlled experimental trial will last 8 weeks. At the initial visit (consenting visit lasting about 20 minutes) the participant will sign the consent and complete a short health questionnaire and a short questionnaire on tooth erosion. Body height and weight and waist circumference will also be measured. Qualifying participants will be stratified by gender, age, weight, and waist circumference, then randomized into two groups: the intervention group, vinegar drinks (VIN) or the control group, vinegar pills (CON). The participants will know which treatment they are given but they will not know which group (control vs. placebo) they are in. Those who receive the VIN will be instructed to drink 2 tablespoons of red wine vinegar (provided) mixed with water twice each day for weeks 1 to 8 of the trial. Those in the CON group will be instructed to take one vinegar pill (provided) each day for weeks 1-8 of the trial. Participants will be instructed to maintain their current diet and exercise habits during the study.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liquid vinegar | Experimental | Participants in this arm were instructed to drink 2 tablespoons of red wine vinegar (provided) mixed with water twice each day for weeks 1 to 8 of the trial. |
|
| Vinegar pill | Placebo Comparator | Participants in the control group were instructed to take one vinegar pill (provided) each day for weeks 1-8 of the trial. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| liquid vinegar | Dietary Supplement | 6% red wine vinegar (2 tablespoons providing 1.7 g acetic acid) |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| visceral adiposity | visceral fat as measured by DXA | change after 8 weeks of treatment |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| tooth erosion | dental exam using Basic Erosion Wear Examination (BEWE) | change after 8 weeks of treatment |
| insulin resistance | measurement of insulin resistance using HOMA-IR (fasting glucose and fasting insulin index) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 33297831 | Derived | Anderson S, Gonzalez LA, Jasbi P, Johnston CS. Evidence That Daily Vinegar Ingestion May Contribute to Erosive Tooth Wear in Adults. J Med Food. 2021 Aug;24(8):894-896. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2020.0108. Epub 2020 Dec 9. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D056128 | Obesity, Abdominal |
| D014077 | Tooth Erosion |
| D007333 | Insulin Resistance |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019342 | Acetic Acid |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000085 | Acetates |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
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Qualifying participants will be stratified by gender, age, weight, and waist circumference, then randomized into two groups: the intervention group, vinegar drinks (VIN) or the control group, vinegar pills (CON).
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All participants will receive 'vinegar' either in liquid form (active) or pill (not active as acetic acid concentration is below threshold of effect). Investigators measuring outcome variables (visceral fat, tooth enamel, and blood indices) are blinded to treatment assignment.
| vinegar pill | Dietary Supplement | Apple Cider Vinegar Tablets (1 tablet providing 0.0225 g acetic acid) |
|
|
| change after 8 weeks of treatment |
| D001835 |
| Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D017001 | Tooth Demineralization |
| D014076 | Tooth Diseases |
| D009057 | Stomatognathic Diseases |
| D057085 | Tooth Wear |
| D006946 | Hyperinsulinism |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D005232 |
| Fatty Acids, Volatile |
| D005227 | Fatty Acids |
| D008055 | Lipids |