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Introduction:
The ambulatory care pharmacist service is a vision that is supported by several national pharmacy associations and expected by many clinical environments. However, pharmacists practicing in such settings often lack the data to demonstrate their value for the services they provide. Consequently, clinical services provided by pharmacists are not viewed as a billable expense and reimbursements are bundled with drug dispensing. Thus, if a pharmacy service is to sustain for the long-term, it is imperative to develop a value model to support monetary compensation for the cognitive services provided.
Background and Significance:
Anticoagulation with warfarin is a high risk therapy involving complex dosing, monitoring, and ensuring adherence to outpatient therapy. Monitoring anticoagulation intensity utilizing the prothrombin time (PT) and the international normalized ratio (INR) is used to determine the effectiveness of anticoagulation therapy. The proportion of time the INR is within the therapeutic range (TTR) is considered a surrogate measure of anticoagulation control and is associated with lower rates of major bleeds and thromboembolism.
Pharmacist managed anticoagulation clinics eliminate the waiting period between lab work from an external facility and decisions from physicians. Pharmacists practicing in anticoagulation clinics with point-of-care INR testing usually practice under a collaborative agreement, which allows them to adjust and reverse warfarin dosing based on established protocols. This reduces the wait time and is expected to increase patient satisfaction. Despite the wide acceptance of pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinics, there is inconsistent evidence to support prevention of major bleeding.
Methods:
This is an IRB-approved prospective, unblinded randomized controlled trial of the clinical impact of home anticoagulation monitoring. The study will enroll all patients (who meet eligibility criteria) who require long-term anticoagulation therapy from a pharmacist-managed anticoagulation clinic.
Expected Outcomes:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate if self- monitoring in addition to pharmacist review will increase the TTR. This will allow university- based pharmacists to provide care for more patients effectively in addition to their academic duties.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard of Care Group | Active Comparator | Standard of Care arm. Pharmacist intervention in clinic |
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| Home Monitoring Group | Experimental | Pharmacist intervention with home INR monitoring |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Home INR Monitoring | Device | The self-monitoring group will monitor INR at home using the AlereTM Home Monitoring Service. They will call in the weekly results to Alere or submit online via the patient portal, which is the standard protocol among home monitoring patients. Alere will then upload the information to a password-protected HIPAA compliant website that only study investigators will be able to access. Pharmacists will have real-time access to the test results via the web interface. Pharmacists can follow up in real time if the patient forgets to self-test. An alert will also be sent to the pharmacists via email to follow up on any out of range results. This will help streamline pharmacists' workload to dedicate face-to-face time for patients that require such intervention. All home monitoring patients will be seen in clinic by the pharmacist at the end of the 3-month randomization period in order to assess compliance with meter-use and re-evaluate meter-use competency. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| INR | INR obtained weekly via home monitoring arm. INR obtained every 4 weeks or sooner for patients seen in clinic. Two arms compared to determine time within therapeutic range. | 12 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Patient Satisfaction and Quality of Life with Anticoagulation utilizing the Duke Anticoagulation Satisfaction Scale (DASS) | Patients were given the DASS survey at baseline, 3 mo (end of randomization) & end of study (12 mo), in order to assess satisfaction with warfarin therapy & management. The DASS is a validated survey, including 25 items, each containing 7 response categories: "not at all, a little, somewhat, moderately, quite a bit, a lot, & very much". Questions are arranged to correspond to 3 possible dimensions pertaining to anticoagulation: limitations, hassles & burdens, & positive psychological impacts. The DASS is able to summarize satisfaction with anticoagulation & identify aspects that may hinder individual patients from maintaining an INR within therapeutic range. Many interventions can potentially be designed to improve anticoagulation quality of care, & thus reduce the time spent outside of therapeutic range, & ultimately thromboembolic & bleeding events by identifying the limitations, hassles & burdens, as well as positive psychological impacts experienced by patients. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Type | Date | Date Unknown |
|---|---|---|
| Release | Nov 12, 2021 | |
| Reset | Dec 10, 2021 |
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| Release Date | Unrelease Date | Unrelease Date Unknown | Reset Date | MCP Release Number |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nov 12, 2021 | Dec 10, 2021 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059039 | Standard of Care |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D019984 | Quality Indicators, Health Care |
| D011787 | Quality of Health Care |
| D006298 | Health Services Administration |
| D017530 | Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation |
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| Standard of Care | Procedure | The patients in the standard of care group will have a clinic visit with the pharmacist at least once every 4 weeks or earlier, as deemed necessary by the pharmacist. The duration of the randomization period will be three months. At the end of the 3-month randomization period, patients will be provided the opportunity to cross over from the home INR monitoring group to the pharmacist-managed clinic group, or vice versa. The remainder of the study duration (post-3 month analysis) will purely be for observational purposes, in order to account for the loss of randomization and potential bias. The total duration of the study will be one year. |
|
| 12 months |