Study not funded.

This study will evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and perceived effectiveness of the culturally-adapted COMFORT Communication Curriculum in two Native American reservation communities. Participants in one community will have an advance care planning conversation with a healthcare professional trained in the the culturally-adapted curriculum. Participants in the other community will receive usual care.

Advance care planning (ACP) is an important component of palliative care (PC), and is a critical, ongoing dialogue between health care professionals (HCPs), patients, and families; where patients' comprehension of their illness and illness progression, goals of care, and treatment choices are discussed. Essential to ACP is the interdisciplinary team, where each member must be comfortable and confident initiating conversations about quality of life and end-of-life (EOL) care. ACP is often hindered by low health literacy, including PC health literacy, uncertainty regarding illness trajectory and end-of-life palliative care (EOLPC) options, and lack of awareness about ACP among patients. For HCPs, discomfort, lack of EOL communication training, and knowledge of cultural differences are often barriers to ACP. Foundational to ACP is PC health literacy, which necessitates considering semantics, eliminating misconceptions, and recognizing uncertainty. Ensuring access to ACP for patients with serious life-limiting illness requires that all healthcare disciplines receive evidence-based EOLPC communication training. The COMFORT communication curriculum (CC) is an intervention that trains interdisciplinary HCPs to provide patient- and family-centered EOLPC communication. Patient outcomes related to this intervention have not been studied. Moreover, the curriculum's efficacy and fit has not been specifically tested with minority groups. Native Americans (NA) are disproportionately affected by serious life-limiting conditions and life expectancy is 4 years less than all other US races. Despite greater morbidity and mortality, NAs use of PC is largely unknown. Yet, it has been identified that tribal communities are requesting EOLPC services and will participate in ACP when conducted in a culturally-respectful manner. There is an urgent need to develop culturally-relevant communication approaches specific to EOLPC, including ACP, for use with NAs with serious life-limiting illness. The investigators propose a collaborative clinical trial to: 1) Culturally-adapt the COMFORT CC for pilot testing with NA communities; 2) Implement the culturally-adapted COMFORT CC in 2 tribal communities by training 20 interdisciplinary (nurses, social workers, primary care providers) HCPs to conduct culturally-respectful and relevant ACP; 3) Conduct a pilot, wait-list controlled trial of the culturally-adapted COMFORT CC in 2 tribal communities to evaluate feasibility, acceptability, and perceived effectiveness by comparing 30 NAs completing ACP with a trained HCP and 30 NAs receiving usual care. Implementing a culturally-relevant communication intervention to improve EOLPC health literacy is a high priority for the Rosebud and Pine Ridge reservations in South Dakota. This proposed study will culturally-adapt and evaluate the COMFORT CC on these 2 reservations and will provide the foundation for an R01-funded intervention study that could positively impact EOLPC literacy and outcomes among the 566 US federally recognized NA tribes.

Inclusion Criteria:

Focus Groups. Aim 1.1: Patient eligibility criteria: 1) Native American; 2) 18 years old or greater; 3) and diagnosis with one or more serious life-limiting illness, such as renal failure, cancer, or heart disease, as defined by the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10). Caregiver eligibility criteria: 1) 18 years old or greater; 2) primary caregiver of a family member participant. Healthcare Professional eligibility: employment 1 year or more as a nurse, social worker, or primary care provider at Indian Health Service. An Elder is eligible if he/she is Native American and an identified elder in the community. Tribal health leader/representative inclusion criteria: 1) Native American; 2) 18 years old or greater; 3) live in the community; 4) employed by tribal health administration.

Cognitive Interviews. Aim 1.2: The investigators will recontact and reconsent those patients, family caregivers, and Elders who participated in the focus groups (Aim 1.1) (Total of 10; 5 per site) to conduct interviews assessing the culturally-adapted COMFORT Communication Curriculum's cultural relevance and fit.

COMFORT Communication Curriculum Training. Aim 2.1: Healthcare Professionals (nurses, social workers, primary care providers) will be recruited through Indian Health Service nursing and clinic administrators and must be employed for 1 year or more by Rosebud Indian Health Service to participate in the COMFORT Communication Curriculum education (Total of 10). The wait-list control arm (Pine Ridge Healthcare Professionals; total of 10) will receive the education following completion of data collection in the intervention group. Participants will be recruited through Indian Health Service nursing and clinic administrators and must be employed for 1 year or more by Pine Ridge Indian Health Service to participate in the COMFORT Communication Curriculum education.

Cluster-assigned wait-list control Trial. Aims 3.1 and 3.2: The intervention will be applied to Rosebud; Pine Ridge will serve as the control community. We will recruit patients (Total of 30) to the intervention arm (Rosebud Indian Health Service) from the outpatient clinics. For Pine Ridge, the electronic health record will be used to identify 30 participants from the outpatient clinic meeting the same eligibility criteria (Native American, 18 years of age or greater, ICD-10 codes identifying serious life-limiting illness) as the Rosebud participants. Patient eligibility criteria are the same as Aim 1.1. Patient eligibility will be identified by trained project Indian Health Service personnel at both sites.

Cognitive Interviews. Aim 3.3: Participants from the intervention arm (Rosebud) who participated in Aim 3.1 and 3.2 (total of 10 of the 30) will be asked to participate in an interview regarding their Advance Care Planning. Interested participants will provide a contact phone number and be given an information sheet by trained project Indian Health Service personnel regarding the interview purpose. Researchers will contact the participant via phone within 2 business days of visit and if still agreeable, schedule a face-to-face interview within 14 business days of advance care planning, where they will be reconsented.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Participants not meeting the inclusion criteria for the above aims will be excluded.

De-identified individual participant data for all primary and secondary outcome measures will be made available.

Data will be available beginning 6 months and ending 5 years following article publication. Person(s) requesting data will complete a data request form.

Data access requests will be reviewed first by an Independent Review Panel and if appropriate forwarded onto the tribal entities for final approval.