Financial and Method issues suggesting that study is not feasible.

The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of whole-body and tissue-specific glucose metabolism after consuming a mixed meal in lean people and people with obesity, before and after 20-35% weight loss induced by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy surgery.

Obesity is associated with an impairment in postprandial glucose disposal, which is an important risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Weight loss improves postprandial glycemic control. The difficulty in achieving successful weight loss by using lifestyle therapy (diet and physical activity) has led to an increased interest in bariatric surgery, which is the most effective available weight loss therapy. Moreover, bariatric surgery procedures that bypass the upper gastrointestinal tract, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), have profound effects on glycemic control and cause remission in a large percentage of people with T2D. However, the effect of RYGB and SG surgery on postprandial glucose disposal among key metabolic organs has not been investigated and compared. The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive evaluation of whole-body and tissue-specific glucose metabolism after consuming a mixed meal in lean people and people with obesity, before and after 20-35% weight loss induced by RYGB or SG surgery. Glucose uptake (GU) will be assessed by using: i) a combination of oral and intravenous stable isotopically-labeled glucose tracers to assess the delivery of ingested glucose into the systemic circulation and whole-body glucose disposal rate; and ii) positron emission tomography (PET) with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to assess muscle, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, liver, small intestine, and pancreas GU.

Inclusion Criteria:

• BMI 35.0-50.0 kg/m2 for obese group and 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 for the lean group
• Must be scheduled for RYGB or SG surgery

Exclusion Criteria:

• Previous bariatric surgery
• Unstable weight (>4% change during the last 2 months before entering the study)
• Significant organ system dysfunction (e.g., severe pulmonary or kidney disease)
• Cancer or cancer that has been in remission for <5 years
• Conditions that render subject unable to complete all testing procedures (e.g. metal implants that interfere with imaging procedures; coagulation disorders)
• Use of medications that are known to affect the study outcome measures or increase the risk of study procedures and that cannot be temporarily discontinued for this study
• Pregnant or lactating women
• Persons who are not able to grant voluntary informed consent
• Persons who are unable or unwilling to follow the study protocol or who, for any reason, the research team considers not an appropriate candidate for this study, including non-compliance with screening appointments or study visits