Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Participants will be randomly given one of two formats containing descriptions of health interventions. In one format, participants will have to read short summaries where results of the intervention are presented as frequencies and the side effects of health intervention are presented as percentages, while in another format the frames will be reversed (results will be presented as percentages and side effects as frequencies). After reading, participants will be asked several questions about the content of the summary and its conclusions.
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Frequencies | Experimental |
| |
| Percentages | Experimental |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Frequencies | Other | Results are presented as natural frequencies (e.g. the drug was effective for 1 out of 10 people) while side effects are presented as percentages (e.g. 40% participants experienced severe side effects) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Understanding | Number of the correct answers about the content of the summary, which will consist of four multiple choice questions (with four possible answers where only one is correct, for each question) about the text the participants are reading. Questions will be developed by research team and revised by expert in health communication. The scale ranges from 0-4, where greater score indicates better understanding of the material. | 3 months |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Attitudes towards the appropriateness of this type of presentation of health information | Likert type scale from 1-10 (1 indicating low appropriateness and 10 would be completely appropriate presentation) | 3 months |
| Health numeracy |
Not provided
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ivan Buljan, MPsy | PhD student | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Split School of Medicine | Split | 21000 | Croatia |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 22635285 | Background | Schapira MM, Walker CM, Cappaert KJ, Ganschow PS, Fletcher KE, McGinley EL, Del Pozo S, Schauer C, Tarima S, Jacobs EA. The numeracy understanding in medicine instrument: a measure of health numeracy developed using item response theory. Med Decis Making. 2012 Nov-Dec;32(6):851-65. doi: 10.1177/0272989X12447239. Epub 2012 May 25. | |
| 32375659 |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
Not provided
| Percentages | Other | Results are presented as percentages (e.g. the drug was effective for 10% of people) while side effects are presented as natural frequencies (e.g. 4 out of 10 participants experienced severe side effects) |
|
5 questions about the numerical tasks placed in medical content, total score is number of correct answers on those questions. The five questions are part of Numeracy Understanding in Medicine Instrument (Schapira et al, 2012), and we will translate only the questions focusing on Probability section. Cronbach's alpha in previous research was 0.86 (Schapira et al, 2012). The questions will be revised by independent translator and back translated to English. The scale range is from 0-5, where higher score indicates higher numeracy levels.
| 3 months |
| Buljan I, Tokalic R, Roguljic M, Zakarija-Grkovic I, Vrdoljak D, Milic P, Puljak L, Marusic A. Framing the numerical findings of Cochrane plain language summaries: two randomized controlled trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2020 May 6;20(1):101. doi: 10.1186/s12874-020-00990-4. |