Patients with acute myocarditis (AM) usually experience spontaneous healing, but a considerable percentage of them evolve towards chronic long-term cardiac impairment. The evolution towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) occurs in a subtle manner, frequently after an initial recover that mimics complete healing. Differences in the course of the disease may reflect the course of underlying myocardial inflammation related to viral clearance or persistence and to the following autoimmune response.

Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) mapping parameters have been developed for the quantification of edema and necrosis, showing high diagnostic accuracy. No mapping parameter has been developed for the assessment of the third Lake Louise criteria, namely the hyperemia, and, furthermore, their prognostic role is not completely understood.

The study hypothesis is that the early-enhanced T1 mapping parameter may have great diagnostic accuracy for myocarditis, and that a short-term monitoring with a complete CMR protocol at 2 month after symptoms onset may identify the subgroup of patients at high risk of progression towards DCM.

The results of this study will help to significantly improve diagnostic performances of CMR and may help to manage patients with AM.

Background and Significance:

In patients with acute myocarditis (AM), spontaneous improvement can be observed in the majority of cases, but progression towards dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a not rare outcome (around 20% of patients) (Feldmann N Engl J Med 2000;343:1388-98). Differences in the course of the disease may reflect the course of the underlying viral infection. In a large series of patients with AM submitted to two endo-myocardial biopsies (EMBs) in few months, Kuhl demonstrated that viral clearance was associated with spontaneous ejection fraction (EF) improvement, while EF did not improve or even deteriorated in patients with viral and myocardial inflammation persistence (Kühl Circulation 2005;111:887-93. Kühl Circulation 2005;112:1965-70). However, repeated EMBs cannot be proposed in the clinical routine and, hence, non-invasive detection of the subgroup of patients with inflammation persistence should have important implications. Today, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is recognized as an accurate non-invasive imaging tool to diagnose acute myocarditis, because of its ability to detect myocardial inflammation and necrosis (Friedrich J Am Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1475-87).

The introduction of mapping techniques has significantly improved CMR sensitivity, allowing to detect both focal and diffuse involvement, with a substantial benefit in the convalescent phase where conventional Lake Louise criteria often fail.

However, no technical development has been performed for the evaluation of Early Gadolinium Enhancement (EGE), which continues to be assessed on T1-w images, being the less robust Lake Louise criteria and eliminated from the updated Lake Louise criteria [Ferreira J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;72(24):3158-76.].

Therefore, there are two major clinical needs: (a) the first being the improvement in diagnosis fulfilling the lack in technical advancement in the setting of EGE evaluation, (b) the second being risk-stratification and prediction of prognosis. The study hypothesis is that the development of a quantitative method based on T1 mapping for the assessment of EGE may be highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of myocarditis. Then, the assessment of early changes in CMR parameters at a short-term CMR study (2 months after symptoms onset) may have great value in outcome prediction.

Preliminary data: A previous study performed on patients with chronic inflammatory cardiomyopathy demonstrated that the positivity of CMR parameters of necrosis (LGE) and inflammation (oedema) is significantly higher in patients with an active inflammation at EMB, compared to patients with borderline histological criteria (De Cobelli 2006 JACC;47:1649-54). These data suggest the possibility to detect with CMR the persistence of subtle myocardial inflammation after the acute phase in patients with myocarditis.

Moreover, Wagner and Colleagues demonstrated, in a small group of patients, a correlation between CMR evidence of myocardial hyperaemia persistence 4 weeks after the onset of acute myocarditis and negative left ventricular (LV) remodelling 30 months later (Wagner A 2003 MAGMA;16:17-20).

Materials and Methods:

This is a prospective multicentre cohort study. 80 patients with diagnosis of acute myocarditis (AM) will be enrolled.

All patients admitted to Hospital with suspect of AM will be submitted to:

collection of detailed anamnesis and physical examination, 12-lead ECG, laboratory exams, transthoracic echocardiography, coronary catheterization or coronary computed tomography (CT) angiography when an ischemic cause of symptoms need to be excluded and CMR imaging within 3-5 days.

CMR protocol will include Lake-Louise criteria, parametric mappings (native T1, T2 mapping and ECV), with an additional early-enhanced T1 mapping acquired 2 minutes after gadolinium injection.

All patients with clinically or EMB confirmed diagnosis of AM will be enrolled and will undergo a second CMR study 2 month later.

All patients will undergo a clinical/instrumental follow-up including: CMR assessment of LV ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume after at least 1 year from diagnosis; registration of all-cause mortality, cardiac death and aborted cardiac sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).

Impact and Translational Implications:

Myocarditis is characterized by significant heterogeneity of long-term evolution. CMR could play a key role in the non-invasive and early identification of patients with persistent myocardial inflammation, at high risk to evolve towards an irreversible post-myocarditis heart failure. Thus, CMR may help to design tailored management of patients. In this perspective, invasive characterization of damage mechanism and aetiology might be reserved to patients with CMR evidence of inflammation persistence.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Presence of at least 1 of the subsequent clinical features [12]:

  • Acute chest pain (pericarditic, or pseudo-ischaemic)
  • New-onset dyspnoea at rest or during exercise
  • Fatigue with or without left/right heart failure signs
  • Palpitation or unexplained arrhythmia symptoms or syncope or aborted sudden cardiac death
  • Unexplained cardiogenic shock

• Associated with at least 1 of the subsequent diagnostic criteria [12]:

  • Newly abnormal 12 lead ECG and/or Holter and/or stress testing, any of the following: I to III degree atrioventricular block, or bundle branch block, ST/T wave change, sinus arrest, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and asystole, atrial fibrillation, reduced R wave height, intraventricular conduction delay, abnormal Q waves, low voltage, frequent premature beats, supraventricular tachycardia
  • Myocardial injury markers (elevated troponin T/Troponin I)
  • New, otherwise unexplained left ventricular (LV) and/or right ventricular (RV) functional and/or structural abnormalities on cardiac imaging (echo/angio/CMR) compatible with acute myocarditis and excluding other diseases

• Signed informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of cardiomyopathies
• Coronary artery disease (coronary catheterization or CT angiography will be performed when coronary artery disease need to be excluded in consideration of signs and symptoms)
• ICD or pacemaker
• Inability to hold breath or to lay down for 45 min
• Claustrophobia
• Recent history of alimentary/alcoholic/respiratory intoxication
• CMR diagnostic criteria suggestive of other cardiac disease explaining signs and symptoms (e.g. myocardial infarction with patent coronary arteries, tako-tsubo syndrome)
• Risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2)
• History of allergic reaction to MR contrast media
• Pregnancy or breast-feeding