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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Virginia Commonwealth University | OTHER |
| Cornell University | OTHER |
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Participating in genetic cancer risk assessments (GCRA) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer can inform treatment and risk management decisions and improve breast cancer outcomes. However, Latina and Black women underuse GCRA services, which may increase breast cancer disparities. This study will adapt and test the impact of an easily scalable novel Tutoring System intervention to enhance GCRA use and improve psychosocial outcomes in a clinical sample of underserved Latina and Black women at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer.
Specific Aims BRCA1/2 mutations are the most commonly identified Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer (HBOC) mutations. Women with these mutations have a 50-80% lifetime risk of developing breast cancer. Breast cancer survivors with a BRCA1/2 mutation are at a higher risk of developing contralateral breast cancer than survivors without mutations. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommends referral for HBOC genetic cancer risk assessments (genetic counseling and consideration of genetic testing for a single gene or panel testing; GCRA) for women at high risk for carrying a mutation. Obtaining a positive test can inform treatment in newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and management in survivors and unaffected women. Unfortunately, Latina and Black women have lower GCRA use than non-Latina Whites. Reasons for lower GCRA use include access and psychosocial factors (e.g. low knowledge, medical mistrust, low health literacy, anticipated negative emotions). There have been few GCRA interventions in ethnic minorities; two recent efforts largely focused on improving access, awareness, and knowledge with mixed success of impacting uptake. Theoretically guided interventions that support GCRA uptake in underserved populations are needed. Intervention development is particularly important given the growing complexity of multiplex gene testing and the potential to identify founder mutations or large rearrangements that are more prevalent in specific ethnic groups.
Our preliminary data with at-risk Black and Latina women suggests that improving access does not necessarily translate into higher GCRA uptake and that providers face challenges in communicating HBOC risk information. Patients have difficulty understanding HBOC numerical risk information, especially populations with low health literacy. Additionally, many existing educational tools were not theoretically derived, tend to prioritize quantitative risk communication, and do not often consider emotional aspects, despite evidence that emotions influence risk perceptions. Fuzzy Trace Theory posits that rather than relying on factual knowledge and quantitative risk comprehension, people construct gist representations that are anchored on culture and capture the essential bottom-line meaning of risk information, including the emotional experience. Informed by Fuzzy Trace Theory, BRCA-gist is an innovative Intelligent Tutoring System intervention that uses avatars to emulate tailored one-to-one human tutoring and includes the bottom-line meaning of risk messages. The preliminary efficacy of BRCA-gist was established in an experimental laboratory setting with mostly non-Hispanic White college students. Adapting BRCA-gist for a clinical sample of ethnically/racially diverse women at increased risk of carrying a mutation is important. Thus, BRCA-gist constitutes a scalable, inexpensive intervention with promising translational applications and potential to reduce disparities.
The goal of this mixed methods study is to adapt BRCA-gist and test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of this innovative intervention in a sample of Black and Latina women at risk of HBOC (based on NCCN criteria using personal and family history of cancer). Using the Learner Verification and Revision framework, in Aim 1 we will gather input from site staff and community providers (n=10) about adaptations for implementation in clinical settings and from at-risk Latina and Black women (n=20) about cultural adaptations. In Aim 2 we will test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of the adapted BRCA-gist on uptake of GCRA services. We will recruit 50 women nationally. After completing a brief baseline survey, we will randomize participants to an immediate intervention arm or a delayed arm. Women will complete a baseline survey and a two-week follow up survey. Primary outcomes include change in knowledge, attitudes, and intention about GCRA from baseline to follow-up
Aim 1: Adapt BRCA-gist. Providers and at-risk Black and Latina women will do the BRCA-gist intervention and provide feedback and suggestions to make cultural adaptations to implement BRCA-gist in community/clinic settings.
Aim 2: Test the feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy of BRCA-gist intervention in a delayed intervention trial.
H.2.1. We expect high overall retention (≥75%). H.2.2. We expect high satisfaction among women in the BRCA-gist arm (≥75%). H.2.3. Participants will have a greater increase in knowledge, gist comprehension, and intentions to use GCRA after attending to BRCA-Gist compared to the delayed arm.
H.2.4. Participants will have a higher uptake of GCRA services 2 weeks after they attend to BRCA-Gist compared to the delayed arm.
This project builds on our interdisciplinary teams' expertise in using innovative technologies to improve risk communication, disparities, translational genomics, cancer control interventions, and emotions. If successful, BRCA-gist can be tested in larger samples and could easily be disseminated into clinical settings and community clinics that serve underserved populations at increased risk for cancer.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immediate BRCA-Gist Intervention | Experimental | Participants randomized to immediate BRCA-gist will complete the adapted intervention and immediately complete a baseline survey. They will be asked to complete a second survey two weeks after completion of the first one. BRCA-gist is a web-based tutoring system that emulates one-to-one human tutoring via avatars to communicate risk of BRCA1/2. We estimate a completion time of 90 minutes. |
|
| Delayed BRCA-Gist Intervention | Experimental | Participants randomized to delayed BRCA-gist will initially complete a baseline survey. Two weeks after completion of that survey, they will complete the adapted intervention and immediately complete a second survey. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BRCA-Gist | Behavioral | BRCA-gist is an innovative Intelligent Tutoring System intervention that uses avatars to emulate tailored one-to-one human tutoring and includes the bottom-line meaning of risk messages. BRCA-gist is designed to provide the same information contained in four modules from the NCI webpages: "breast cancer and metastasis," "risk factors," "genetic mutation testing," and "the consequences of testing. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Breast Cancer Genetics Knowledge | Breast cancer genetics knowledge will be assessed with 13-items from Erblich and colleagues' scale where participants evaluate whether statements about breast cancer genetics are true or false. The numbers of correct responses are added to create a score ranging from 0-13. Higher scores mean higher breast cancer genetics knowledge. | Aim 2. From baseline to two week after the baseline. |
| Intentions to participate in genetic counseling | Intentions to participate in genetic councSussner, Jandorf, Thompson, and Valdimarsdottir, 2010) | Aim 2. From baseline to two week after the baseline. |
| Perceived pros and cons of genetic counseling and testing | Perceived pros and cons of genetic counseling and testing will be measured with a13-item 5-response Likert-type scale from Thompson and colleagues (2000) where participants rate their degree of agreement with statements about the potential benefits (7 items) and concerns of undergoing GCT (5 items). The cons items are reverse coded. Items are summed. Higher score means higher perceived positive attitudes. Scores range from 13-65. | Aim 2. From baseline to two week after the baseline. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Uptake of Genetic Counseling | Scale | Two weeks after the intervention |
| Self-efficacy about participating in genetic counseling | Self-efficacy about participating in genetic counseling will be measured with the Genetic Testing and Counseling Self-efficacy Scale (Hendy, Lyons, Breakwell, 2006). The scale includes 3 items on a 5-point Likert-type response scale ranging from "completely agree" to "completely disagree." Items are summed. Scores range from 3-15. Higher scores indicate higher self-efficacy in participating in counseling and testing. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Based on self-representation of gender identity
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Alejandra H Hurtado de Mendoza, PhD | Georgetown University | Principal Investigator |
| Vanessa Sheppard, PhD | Virginia Commonwealth University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capital Breast Care Center | Washington D.C. | District of Columbia | 20003 | United States | ||
| Georgetown University |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11250676 | Background | Easton DF. How many more breast cancer predisposition genes are there? Breast Cancer Res. 1999;1(1):14-7. doi: 10.1186/bcr6. Epub 1999 Aug 23. No abstract available. | |
| 17416853 | Background | Chen S, Parmigiani G. Meta-analysis of BRCA1 and BRCA2 penetrance. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Apr 10;25(11):1329-33. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.1066. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D061325 | Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001943 | Breast Neoplasms |
| D009371 | Neoplasms by Site |
| D009369 | Neoplasms |
| D010051 | Ovarian Neoplasms |
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Participants are randomized to an immediate or delayed arm
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Randomization schedules will be developed by the biostatistician and administered by an individual (staff) not involved in the study analyses so that the statistician will be blinded to the allocation. This method will ensure unbiased results.
|
| within one hour before the intervention and within one hour post-intervention |
| Emotions about developing breast cancer and about participating in genetic counseling | Emotion about participating in genetic counseling will be assessed with Andersen's (2003) 5 item scale that captures scale to assess individuals' worry about developing breast cancer and with Caballero's (2007) scale scale to measure anticipatory emotions (how participants feel right now about participating in GCRA services in the future). Participants will report whether they feel positive (e.g. relief) and negative anticipatory emotions (e.g. worry) (Yes/No) and the level of intensity on a 7-point Likert-scale | within one hour before the intervention and within one hour post-intervention |
| Health Literacy and Numeracy | General health literacy and numeracy with the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (S-TOFHLA) short version that includes four numeracy items and two prose passages (Baker et al., 1999). | within one hour before the intervention |
| Mistrust about the medical system | Mistrust about the medical system will be measured with the 7-item Medical Mistrust Index (Laveist et al., 2009) | within one hour before the intervention |
| Declarative Knowledge of Breast Cancer, Genetic Testing, and Genetic Risk | Declarative Knowledge of Breast Cancer, Genetic Testing, and Genetic Risk - This scale developed by Wolfe and colleagues (2014) includes 52 four-alternative multiple-choice items about knowledge about breast cancer, genetic risk, and genetic testing. The percentage of correct answers are calculated. Higher percentages mean higher knowledge | within one hour before the intervention and within one hour post-intervention |
| Gist Comprehension of Genetic Cancer Risk | Gist Comprehension of Genetic Cancer Risk (30 items). We will measure Gist Comprehension of Genetic Cancer Risk with a scale developed by Wolfe et al (2014). This 30-item Likert-type scale assesses gist comprehension of key information on breast cancer and genetic testing. The scale ranges from 1-7 (ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree with correct responses). Responses are averaged. Higher scores indicate higher gist comprehension. | within one hour before the intervention and within one hour post-intervention |
| Washington D.C. |
| District of Columbia |
| 20007 |
| United States |
| Nueva Vida | Alexandria | Virginia | 22314 | United States |
| Virginia Commonwealth University | Richmond | Virginia | 23284 | United States |
| 20368571 | Background | Malone KE, Begg CB, Haile RW, Borg A, Concannon P, Tellhed L, Xue S, Teraoka S, Bernstein L, Capanu M, Reiner AS, Riedel ER, Thomas DC, Mellemkjaer L, Lynch CF, Boice JD Jr, Anton-Culver H, Bernstein JL. Population-based study of the risk of second primary contralateral breast cancer associated with carrying a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. J Clin Oncol. 2010 May 10;28(14):2404-10. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.2495. Epub 2010 Apr 5. |
| 12023992 | Background | Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, Scheuer L, Hensley M, Hudis CA, Ellis NA, Boyd J, Borgen PI, Barakat RR, Norton L, Castiel M, Nafa K, Offit K. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2002 May 23;346(21):1609-15. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa020119. Epub 2002 May 20. |
| 21358336 | Background | Levy DE, Byfield SD, Comstock CB, Garber JE, Syngal S, Crown WH, Shields AE. Underutilization of BRCA1/2 testing to guide breast cancer treatment: black and Hispanic women particularly at risk. Genet Med. 2011 Apr;13(4):349-55. doi: 10.1097/GIM.0b013e3182091ba4. |
| 22870568 | Background | Glenn BA, Chawla N, Bastani R. Barriers to genetic testing for breast cancer risk among ethnic minority women: an exploratory study. Ethn Dis. 2012 Summer;22(3):267-73. |
| 22987526 | Background | Sussner KM, Jandorf L, Thompson HS, Valdimarsdottir HB. Barriers and facilitators to BRCA genetic counseling among at-risk Latinas in New York City. Psychooncology. 2013 Jul;22(7):1594-604. doi: 10.1002/pon.3187. Epub 2012 Sep 16. |
| 25120034 | Background | Sussner KM, Edwards T, Villagra C, Rodriguez MC, Thompson HS, Jandorf L, Valdimarsdottir HB. BRCA genetic counseling among at-risk Latinas in New York City: new beliefs shape new generation. J Genet Couns. 2015 Feb;24(1):134-48. doi: 10.1007/s10897-014-9746-z. Epub 2014 Aug 15. |
| 14630378 | Background | Thompson HS, Valdimarsdottir HB, Jandorf L, Redd W. Perceived disadvantages and concerns about abuses of genetic testing for cancer risk: differences across African American, Latina and Caucasian women. Patient Educ Couns. 2003 Nov;51(3):217-27. doi: 10.1016/s0738-3991(02)00219-7. |
| 15827311 | Background | Armstrong K, Micco E, Carney A, Stopfer J, Putt M. Racial differences in the use of BRCA1/2 testing among women with a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. JAMA. 2005 Apr 13;293(14):1729-36. doi: 10.1001/jama.293.14.1729. |
| 22711611 | Background | Mays D, Sharff ME, DeMarco TA, Williams B, Beck B, Sheppard VB, Peshkin BN, Eng-Wong J, Tercyak KP. Outcomes of a systems-level intervention offering breast cancer risk assessments to low-income underserved women. Fam Cancer. 2012 Sep;11(3):493-502. doi: 10.1007/s10689-012-9541-7. |
| 17106633 | Background | Ricker C, Lagos V, Feldman N, Hiyama S, Fuentes S, Kumar V, Gonzalez K, Palomares M, Blazer K, Lowstuter K, MacDonald D, Weitzel J. If we build it ... will they come?--establishing a cancer genetics services clinic for an underserved predominantly Latina cohort. J Genet Couns. 2006 Dec;15(6):505-14. doi: 10.1007/s10897-006-9052-5. |
| 16682739 | Background | Hall MJ, Olopade OI. Disparities in genetic testing: thinking outside the BRCA box. J Clin Oncol. 2006 May 10;24(14):2197-203. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.05.5889. |
| 23233716 | Background | Weitzel JN, Clague J, Martir-Negron A, Ogaz R, Herzog J, Ricker C, Jungbluth C, Cina C, Duncan P, Unzeitig G, Saldivar JS, Beattie M, Feldman N, Sand S, Port D, Barragan DI, John EM, Neuhausen SL, Larson GP. Prevalence and type of BRCA mutations in Hispanics undergoing genetic cancer risk assessment in the southwestern United States: a report from the Clinical Cancer Genetics Community Research Network. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Jan 10;31(2):210-6. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2011.41.0027. Epub 2012 Dec 10. |
| 21822773 | Background | Graves KD, Christopher J, Harrison TM, Peshkin BN, Isaacs C, Sheppard VB. Providers' perceptions and practices regarding BRCA1/2 genetic counseling and testing in African American women. J Genet Couns. 2011 Dec;20(6):674-89. doi: 10.1007/s10897-011-9396-3. Epub 2011 Aug 6. |
| 24829276 | Background | Wolfe CR, Reyna VF, Widmer CL, Cedillos EM, Fisher CR, Brust-Renck PG, Weil AM. Efficacy of a web-based intelligent tutoring system for communicating genetic risk of breast cancer: a fuzzy-trace theory approach. Med Decis Making. 2015 Jan;35(1):46-59. doi: 10.1177/0272989X14535983. Epub 2014 May 14. |
| 20739135 | Background | Zikmund-Fisher BJ, Fagerlin A, Ubel PA. Risky feelings: why a 6% risk of cancer does not always feel like 6%. Patient Educ Couns. 2010 Dec;81 Suppl:S87-93. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2010.07.041. Epub 2010 Aug 23. |
| 25730718 | Background | Reyna VF, Nelson WL, Han PK, Pignone MP. Decision making and cancer. Am Psychol. 2015 Feb-Mar;70(2):105-18. doi: 10.1037/a0036834. |
| 17549888 | Background | Caballero A, Carrera P, Munoz D, Flor S. Emotional ambivalence in risk behaviors: the case of occasional excessive use of alcohol. Span J Psychol. 2007 May;10(1):151-8. doi: 10.1017/s1138741600006417. |
| 14528569 | Background | Baker DW, Williams MV, Parker RM, Gazmararian JA, Nurss J. Development of a brief test to measure functional health literacy. Patient Educ Couns. 1999 Sep;38(1):33-42. doi: 10.1016/s0738-3991(98)00116-5. |
| 23862292 | Background | Sheppard VB, Mays D, LaVeist T, Tercyak KP. Medical mistrust influences black women's level of engagement in BRCA 1/2 genetic counseling and testing. J Natl Med Assoc. 2013 Spring;105(1):17-22. doi: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30081-x. |
| 19732170 | Background | LaVeist TA, Isaac LA, Williams KP. Mistrust of health care organizations is associated with underutilization of health services. Health Serv Res. 2009 Dec;44(6):2093-105. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2009.01017.x. Epub 2009 Sep 2. |
| 15653247 | Background | Erblich J, Brown K, Kim Y, Valdimarsdottir HB, Livingston BE, Bovbjerg DH. Development and validation of a Breast Cancer Genetic Counseling Knowledge Questionnaire. Patient Educ Couns. 2005 Feb;56(2):182-91. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2004.02.007. |
| 16643695 | Background | Hendy J, Lyons E, Breakwell GM. Genetic testing and the relationship between specific and general self-efficacy. Br J Health Psychol. 2006 May;11(Pt 2):221-33. doi: 10.1348/135910705X52543. |
| D004701 |
| Endocrine Gland Neoplasms |
| D009386 | Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary |
| D010049 | Ovarian Diseases |
| D000291 | Adnexal Diseases |
| D005831 | Genital Diseases, Female |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D005833 | Genital Neoplasms, Female |
| D014565 | Urogenital Neoplasms |
| D000091662 | Genital Diseases |
| D030342 | Genetic Diseases, Inborn |
| D009358 | Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities |
| D001941 | Breast Diseases |
| D012871 | Skin Diseases |
| D017437 | Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |
| D006058 | Gonadal Disorders |