For now, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is routinely performed for T3N1-2M0 rectal cancer. However, there are lots of complications following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, such as Wound-related complications, anastomotic leakage, anastomotic stenosis, sexual dysfunction, testicular or ovary failure. Patients undergoing resection for rectal cancer had low rates of local recurrence and long disease-free survival regardless of whether an APR, CAA or low AR was performed. The main purpose of preoperative radiotherapy is to lower the local recurrence. For the T3N1-2M0 rectal cancer with negative circumferential resection margin based on MRI assessment, we suppose might not necessary to receive neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, for operation can achieve the negative circumferential resection margin.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Tumor within 12 cm of the anal verge
2. T3N1-2 as determined by preoperative MRI examination
3. negative circumferential resection margin determined by preoperative MRI examination
4. Absence of distant metastases
5. Absence of intestinal obstruction

Exclusion Criteria:

1. With distant metastases
2. With intestinal obstruction
3. Pregnancy or lactation
4. With operation contraindication
5. With mental disorder