The study is aimed at assessing IGF-1R-Abs in patients with Graves' disease, with or without GO, compared with healthy subjects and patients with autoimmune thyroiditis in a cross-sectional investigation.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. for Graves' disease: a history of hyperthyroidism, associated with previous or present detectable serum autoantibodies against the TSH-R;
2. for autoimmune thyroiditis: the presence of at least two of the following: a) primary hypothyroidism; b) detectable serum autoantibodies against thyroglobulin or thyroperoxidase ; c) a hypoechoic pattern of the thyroid by ultrasound examination.
3. for healthy subjects: absence of any clinical, biochemical or instrumental evidence of thyroid diseases.

For all subjects: Informed consent

Exclusion Criteria:

1) lack of informed consent

1. Patients with Graves' disease, with or without GO. The presence of GO will be established in any patient who had at least one of the following eye features: a) exophthalmometry ≥17 mm in women and ≥19 mm in men, based on measurements conducted for the normal population; b) eyelid aperture ≥9 mm; c) clinical activity score ≥1/7; iv) presence of diplopia; v) presence of corneal alterations; vi) presence of GO-related alterations of the fundi; and vii) reduction in visual acuity that could be attributed to GO.
2. Patients with autoimmune thyroiditis
3. healthy subjects