The purpose of this study is to increase awareness and timely treatment of urinary incontinence through a self-screening process. This is a 3 month study involving 2 activities; one taking place at the beginning of study and another 3 months later. Participants will be randomized into experimental and control groups. The experimental group will receive a demographic questionnaire, quality of life questionnaire, a questionnaire pertaining to urinary symptoms, information about how to self-screen for urinary incontinence and information regarding how to refer oneself to urinary incontinence resources. The control group will receive the demographic and quality of life questionnaires only. It is estimated that it will take participants 20-30 minutes to complete their package of questionnaires. After 3 months, the participants will receive a phone call inquiring into what actions they have taken regarding their urinary incontinence.

Objectives: The overall aim is to increase awareness of urinary incontinence in community-based older adults and promote timely treatment. To achieve this aim the project objectives will include:

1. To develop a self-screening process for community-based older adults
2. To test the use of a self-screening process with community-based older adults

Methods:

Study Design: This study will use a pilot randomized control trial to test the effectiveness of a self-screening process with older adults. The hypothesis is that older adults exposed to the self-screening process will follow up with health professionals to receive help for the UI condition. There will be two groups of older adults. The intervention group will participate in self-screening and the control will not be exposed to self-screening. Using this approach is necessary to determine whether or not the self-screening works.

Setting: Senior's Centers and organizations dedicated to seniors in Kelowna, West Kelowna and Lake Country will serve as the recruitment sites for this study. These Senior's Centers/organizations (e.g., Lake Country Seniors Centre, Lake Country Health Planning Society, Westside Health Network, Seniors Outreach Bureau) serve large and different populations of seniors (>300 seniors) so overlap in membership is not expected to be an issue. Excel randomization function will be used to assign participants to one of the two arms (the arm receiving the self-screening process or the arm not receiving this process). The randomization assignments (allocations) will be placed in individual sealed envelopes. After informed consent is obtained, the Research Assistant (RA) will choose the next available envelope to reveal which arm the study participant will be assigned.

Data Collection:

Pre-test: Prior to implementation, the self-screening tool will be pre-tested with 5 older adults attending participating seniors centres/organizations. The purpose of the pretest will be to identify any implementation issues such as recruitment, administration, understanding and ease of use of the self-screening tools.

Procedures: Older adults assigned to both groups will receive follow up from the RA who will provide details about the study and answer any questions. Prior to randomization, consenting older adults from both groups will complete a demographic (e.g., age, sex, highest level of education, household income), health history profile (e.g., co-morbidities, history of previous referrals for UI, medications) (see Demographic and Health History Profile) and a quality of life questionnaire 17 (see The King's Health Questionnaire).

Three months following study entry participants from both groups will receive a phone follow-up to obtain information about actions they have taken re IU (e.g., self/physician referral), UI symptoms, treatments received, satisfaction with care, and changes in quality of life. The follow up phone call will be recorded. It is expected the baseline and 3 month follow up data collection will take approximately 20-30 minutes to complete.

Post-Intervention Focus Groups: To obtain feedback on the self-screening process, focus groups (n=2) will be conducted with older adults (10-12 participants) who were in the self-screening group. At the end of 3-months from study entry, in conjunction with survey completion, participants will be invited to participate in a focus group. Those expressing an interest in focus group participation will be contacted with details of the date, time of the focus group and will receive a copy of the semi-structured interview questions. Questions will address participants' comfort with the self-screening process, rationale and influences on choice to self-refer or not, barriers/facilitators to self-referral, recommendations to make the self-screening process easier.

Data Analysis: Analysis will include a description of sample and primary and secondary analyses.

Description of Sample:

Frequency analysis will be conducted on all demographic (age, sex, highest level of education, household income), health history profile (co-morbidities, history of previous referrals for UI, medications) and quality of life. For continuous variables, means with associated standard deviations (SD) will be calculated for parametric variables or medians with associated interquartile ranges will be calculated for nonparametric variables. For categorical variables, percentages with 95% confidence interval (CI) will be calculated. These calculations will be calculated for the total study population as well as for participants in each study group.

Primary analysis:

The study hypothesis is that older adults exposed to the self-screening process will follow-up with health professionals to receive help for their UI condition more often than the control group. To test this hypothesis investigators will calculate the proportion (with 95% CI) of participants who self-report as having self-referred to a health professional (binary yes/no response) during the study period for each group. A chi-square test will be conducted to determine if the self-screening process is associated with self-referral to a health professional. In addition, a logistic regression analysis will be conducted to model the odds of self-referring among participants who have undergone self-screening, adjusting for demographics, and health history variables. Bivariate analysis will be conducted and variables significantly associated with self-referral will be entered into the model. Since the sample size will only allow for having 3 variables in the model, more than one regression model may be necessary. If this is the case, a Bonferroni adjustment will be used to account for multiple comparisons.

Secondary analysis:

Quality of life scores will be compared within and between groups. For the within group comparison, a two-sided dependent t-test will be conducted using the pre study and 3-month quality of life scores for each group. To determine if a change in quality of life (difference between pre study and 3-mont quality of life scores) is statistically significant and mixed between-within subjects analysis of variance will be conducted.

All participants will complete a Urinary Symptoms questionnaire (ICIQ-FLUTS) which consists of ordinal categorical responses to questions related to urinary symptoms. Each question has five response options. For each question, each response category will be assigned a numeric value depending on the severity of the symptom (1= no symptoms; 5=severe symptoms). For each participant, improvement in symptoms will be determined by a reduction in the ordinal value. Improvement in UI symptoms will be compared between groups using a chi-square test.

Investigators are also interested in knowing if self-screening results in higher proportion of participants initiating medication of UI during the study period. Therefore, the proportion of participants in each group who started medication for UI during the study period will be compared using a chi-square test.

Limitations: It is possible that screening for eligibility for the study may make a person more likely to self-refer. If this occurs in the control arm, it may bias the results toward the null hypothesis (i.e. it may be less likely to detect a difference between study arms).

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults 65 years of age and older
• Attend a local Senior's Centre or organization
• Report having some UI symptoms
• Living independently
• Ambulatory
• No more than mild cognitive impairment
• Able to read and write in English or have someone who can assist with reading the data collection information and can complete a paper survey independently

Exclusion Criteria:

• Cognitive impairment
• Require more than minimal assistance with completing the survey
• Any impairment (e.g., vision) that would make self-screening and follow up challenging.
• Have been referred to a UI specialist or continence program in the past