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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| CTRI/2013/11/004133 | Registry Identifier | Clinical Trials Registry- India (CTRI) |
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The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone+ Sulbactam+ EDTA) compared to Meropenem for treating hospitalized patients with complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis caused by β-lactamase producing gram-negative bacteria
cUTIs are mostly caused by gram-negative bacteria, including Enterobacteriaceae (particularly Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Proteus mirabilis) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and often possess mechanisms leading to multidrug resistance. These mechanisms primarily consist of ESBLs (extended-spectrum beta-lactamases) that can hydrolyse cephalosporins, penicillins and aztreonam, and are encoded on mobile genes. This has led to increased risk of failure with first-line antibiotics and increased the usage of last line drugs like carbapenems. However, over the past decade, with the emergence of carbapenem-resistant infections caused by gram-negative pathogens like CRE (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae), CRAB (carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii) and CRPA (carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa), there is a major threat looming on the effectiveness of these last resort drugs, warranting the discovery of newer and alternate agents.
To this end, the concept of using Antibiotic Resistance Breakers (ARBs) to revive the potency of existing antibiotics has been widely discussed in the recent literature. ARBs, sometimes referred as antibiotic adjuvants, are non-antibiotic moieties which do not have any antimicrobial activity on its own, but, in combination with antibiotics enhance their antimicrobial activity and help overcome resistance barriers. Most beta lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) can be thought of as ARBs that do not have any significant antimicrobial activity when used alone, but in combination with a beta-lactam antibiotic, help restore the activity against beta-lactamase producing organisms.
CSE-1034 is a novel combination of Ceftriaxone (third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin), Sulbactam (beta-lactamase inhibitor) and Disodium EDTA (Class 1 Antibiotic Resistance Breaker), and it restores the in vitro activity of Ceftriaxone against ESBL/MBL producing gram-negative bacteria, including enzyme families that belong to Ambler class A (TEM, SHV, CTX-M), class B (NDM, VIM, IMP), class C (some variants of AmpC), and class D (OXA ESBLs); it is not active against serine carbapenemases (higher variants of KPC, OXA carbapenemases). CSE-1034 also has proven in vitro activity against multiple resistance mechanisms including efflux pumps, bacterial biofilms, membrane permeability, and transfer of resistance by means of conjugation.
Since CSE-1034 has shown its efficacy in ESBL producing Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter species in various in vitro and in vivo studies, therefore, to meet regulatory expectations, non-inferiority of CSE-1034 in comparison to Meropenem (drug of choice in ESBL producing pathogens) is under study in this phase-3 clinical trial.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone + Sulbactam + EDTA) | Experimental | CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone + Sulbactam + EDTA) was an Experimental drug in this study and is a combination of Ceftriaxone 1000mg, Sulbactam 500mg and EDTA 37mg available as dry powder for reconstitution. It was administered twelve hourly through intravenous route as infusion over 30 minutes. The duration of the active treatment was for 5-14 days depending upon the severity of the disease, which was determined by the Principal Investigator (PI). Interventions:
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| Meropenem | Active Comparator | Meropenem was the active comparator in the study. It was also available as dry powder for reconstitution and contained active ingredient Meropenem 1000mg. It was administered eight hourly through intravenous route as infusion over 30 minutes.The duration of the active treatment was for 5-14 days depending upon the severity of the disease, which was determined by the PI. Interventions:
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone + Sulbactam + EDTA) | Drug | CSE-1034 (Ceftriaxone + Sulbactam + EDTA) was Experimental in this study and is a combination of Ceftriaxone 1000mg, Sulbactam 500mg and EDTA 37mg available as dry powder for reconstitution. Patients were given either CSE-1034 or placebo through IV route four times daily, strictly adhering to the time interval. Time of the first dose (Drug) was considered 0th hr, the second dose (Placebo) was given at 8th hour from first dose, third dose (Drug) at 12th hour from first dose and the fourth dose (Placebo) at 16th hour from first dose. The infusion was initiated within ± 30 min of schedule time. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/ flank pain / suprapubic pain) at the TOC visit in the Microbiological Modified Intent-To-Treat (mMITT) analysis set | This was the first co-primary outcome measure for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For this outcome measure, success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure at the Test of Cure (TOC) visit. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. | TOC visit (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with both a per-patient microbiological eradication and symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/ flank pain / suprapubic pain) at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set | This was the second co-primary outcome measure for the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For this composite outcome measure, overall success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure and microbiologic outcome of Eradication at TOC visit. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. Eradication was defined using the FDA's colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU/mL) criteria that the bacterial pathogen(s) found at baseline was/were reduced to <10^4 CFU/mL of urine culture and a negative blood culture for an organism that was identified as an uropathogen (if repeated after positive at baseline blood culture). | TOC visit (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response at the TOC visit in the mMITT analysis set | This was the primary outcome measure for the European Medicines Agency (EMA). For this measure, a microbiologic outcome of Eradication was defined using the EMA's CFU/mL criteria: bacterial pathogen(s) found at baseline was reduced to <10^3 CFU/mL of urine culture and a negative blood culture for an organism that was identified as an uropathogen (if repeated after positive at baseline blood culture). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response in the mMITT analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the microbiological success in the mMITT population at the End of Treatment (EOT), and Late Follow-Up (LFU) visits. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Safety endpoints-Incidence of Treatment Emergent Adverse Events (TEAE) in Safety Population | Proportion of patients with any treatment-emergent adverse event reported during study period | First infusion to Day 32 |
| Safety endpoints-Incidence of TEAE resulting in discontinuation of study drug therapy in Safety Population |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Rajeev Sood | PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital, Baba Kharak Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi- 110001, India | Principal Investigator |
| Kim Mammen | Christian Medical College & Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab-141008, India | Principal Investigator |
| R.P Agrawal | S.P. Medical College, Bikaner- 334003, Rajasthan, India | Principal Investigator |
| Manjunath M | Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, #15, Chikkasandra, Hesaragatta Main Road, Bangalore-560 090, Karnataka, India | Principal Investigator |
| Pratibha Phadke | Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre, Erandwane, Pune - 411004 | Principal Investigator |
| Sudhir Chadha | Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi- 110060, India | Principal Investigator |
| A.K. Deb | Sudbhawana Hospital, B 31/8023-B, Bhogabir, Lanka, Varanasi- 221005, India | Principal Investigator |
| Dharamraj Maurya | M.V. Hospital and Research Centre, 314/30, Mirza Mandi, Chowk, Lucknow- 226003, India | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS) | Srinagar | Jammu and Kashmir | 190011 | India | ||
| Sapthagiri Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 31433059 | Result | Mir MDA, Chaudhary S, Payasi A, Sood R, Mavuduru RS, Shameem M. CSE (Ceftriaxone+ Sulbactam+ Disodium EDTA) Versus Meropenem for the Treatment of Complicated Urinary Tract Infections, Including Acute Pyelonephritis: PLEA, a Double-Blind, Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019 Oct 1;6(10):ofz373. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz373. |
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| Meropenem | Drug | Meropenem was the Comparator in the study. It was also available as dry powder for reconstitution and contained active ingredient Meropenem 1000mg.Patients were given either Meropenem or placebo through IV route four times daily, strictly adhering to the time interval. Time of the first dose (Drug) was considered 0th hr, the second dose (Drug) was given at 8th hour from first dose, third dose (Placebo) at 12th hour from first dose and the fourth dose (Drug) at 16th hour from first dose. The infusion was initiated within ± 30 min of schedule time. |
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| TOC visit (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response in the Microbiological Evaluable (ME) analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the microbiological success in the ME population at the EOT, TOC, and LFU visits. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with a favorable per-patient microbiological response in the extended ME analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the microbiological success in the extended ME population at the EOT, TOC, and LFU visits. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/ flank pain / suprapubic pain) in the mMITT analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on a clinical outcome of Cure in the mMITT analysis set. For this outcome measure, success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure at the EOT, and LFU visit for mMITT population. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/ flank pain / suprapubic pain) in the CE analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on a clinical outcome of Cure in the Clinical Evaluable (CE) analysis sets. For this outcome measure, success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure at the EOT, TOC, and LFU visit for CE population. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with symptomatic resolution (or return to premorbid state) of all UTI-specific symptoms (frequency/urgency/ flank pain / suprapubic pain) in the extended ME analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on a clinical outcome of Cure in the extended ME analysis set. For this outcome measure, success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure at the EOT, TOC, and LFU visit for extended ME population. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of favorable per-pathogen microbiological response in the mMITT analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the per-pathogen (Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii) microbiological outcome of Eradication in the m-MITT population at EOT, TOC, and LFU visit. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of favorable per-pathogen microbiological response in the ME analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the per-pathogen (Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii) microbiological outcome of Eradication in the ME population at EOT, TOC, and LFU visit. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of favorable per-pathogen microbiological response in the extended ME analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on the per-pathogen (Enterobacter species, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii) microbiological outcome of Eradication in the extended ME population at EOT, TOC, and LFU visit. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with symptomatic resolution (as defined in the co-primary variables) for patients infected with a Meropenem -resistant pathogen in the extended ME analysis set | This secondary outcome measure focused on a clinical outcome of Cure in the patients infected with a Meropenem resistant pathogen in the extended ME analysis set. For this outcome measure, success was achieved with a clinical outcome of Cure at the TOC visit in extended ME population. Cure was defined as all or most pre-therapy signs and symptoms of the index infection had improved or resolved such that no additional antibiotics was required. | TOC visit (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| Proportion of patients with favorable per-patient microbiological response for patients infected with a Meropenem-resistant pathogen in the extended ME analysis sets | This secondary outcome measure focused on the microbiological success in the patients infected with a Meropenem-resistant pathogen in the extended ME analysis population at the TOC visit. A microbiologic outcome of Eradication was met if urine culture obtained at the relevant visit demonstrates <10^4 CFU/mL (for FDA) or < 10^3 CFU/mL (for EMA) of the original uro-pathogen, and the patient was not bacteremic (if the patient was bacteremic at Screening, the bacteremia has resolved) | TOC visit (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the mMITT analysis set who had fever at study entry | This secondary outcome measure focused on the time to first defervescence in patients having fever study entry. Time to first defervescence was calculated for patients with a fever (>38°C) at Baseline. Defervescence (<37.8°C) was defined as absence of fever based on the highest temperature within a 24-hour period. Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy (days) in the mMITT analysis set for patients who have fever at study entry was defined as the time from the first dose of IV study therapy to the first absence of fever. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the ME analysis set who had fever at study entry | This secondary outcome measure focused on the time to first defervescence in patients having fever study entry. Time to first defervescence was calculated for patients with a fever (>38°C) at Baseline. Defervescence (<37.8°C) was defined as absence of fever based on the highest temperature within a 24-hour period. Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy (days) in the ME analysis set for patients who have fever at study entry was defined as the time from the first dose of IV study therapy to the first absence of fever. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the extended ME analysis set who had fever at study entry | This secondary outcome measure focused on the time to first defervescence in patients having fever study entry. Time to first defervescence was calculated for patients with a fever (>38°C) at Baseline. Defervescence (<37.8°C) was defined as absence of fever based on the highest temperature within a 24-hour period. Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy (days) in the extended ME analysis set for patients who have fever at study entry was defined as the time from the first dose of IV study therapy to the first absence of fever. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy in patients in the CE analysis set who had fever at study entry | This secondary outcome measure focused on the time to first defervescence in patients having fever study entry. Time to first defervescence was calculated for patients with a fever (>38°C) at Baseline. Defervescence (<37.8°C) was defined as absence of fever based on the highest temperature within a 24-hour period. Time to first defervescence while on IV study therapy (days) in the CE analysis set for patients who have fever at study entry was defined as the time from the first dose of IV study therapy to the first absence of fever. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Number of deaths due to cUTI with more than 5 days of treatment till TOC visit | This secondary outcome measure focused on the number deaths from day 01 dosing to TOC visit due to cUTI in patients received more than 5 days of treatment. | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) |
| Total duration of treatment in the ME analysis sets | This secondary outcome measure focused on the number of days IV therapy was used for management of patients with cUTI including acute pyelonephritis | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Total duration of treatment in the CE analysis sets | This secondary outcome measure focused on the number of days IV therapy was used for management of patients with cUTI including acute pyelonephritis | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| To measure the difference change in Patient Quality of life using Medical Outcome Study (MOS)-Short Form Survey (SF-36) scale | This secondary outcome measure focused on the MOS-SF-36 scale questionnaire. It was evaluated using the RAND methodology that measures the results based on eight different scales, namely - Physical functioning, Role limitations due to physical health, Role Limitations due to emotional problems, Energy/Fatigue, Emotional well-being, General Health, Health change, Pain and Social functioning. Broadly, the QoL scales are divided into two main sub-groups that provide a summary of the physical functioning and the mental functioning of the patient. Scores represent the percentage of the total possible score achieved, 100 being the highest score possible (denoting best outcome) and 0 being the lowest (denoting worst outcome) | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization), TOC (16 to 25 days after randomization) & LFU Visit (23 to 32 days after randomization) |
| Analysis of pharmacoeconomic data of CSE-1034 versus the comparator for mMITT population | This secondary outcome measure focused on Pharmacoeconomics data of CSE-1034 versus the Meropenem. The difference in cost incurred in management of cUTI (medications cost + hospitalization charges + cost of interventions and cost of laboratory investigations) were analyzed for mMITT population at EOT for CSE-1034 versus the comparator . | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
| Analysis of pharmacoeconomic data of CSE-1034 versus the comparator for CE population | This secondary outcome measure focused on Pharmacoeconomics data of CSE-1034 versus the Meropenem. The difference in cost incurred in management of cUTI (medications cost + hospitalization charges + cost of interventions and cost of laboratory investigations) were analyzed for CE population at EOT for CSE-1034 versus the comparator . | EOT (6 to 15 days after randomization) |
Proportion of patients in the Safety analysis set for whom the assigned study treatment was discontinued, or interrupted. |
| From first infusion to last infusion of study therapy. Duration of study therapy was 1 to 14 days. |
| Safety endpoints-Incidence of Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) in Safety Population | Proportion of patients in the Safety analysis set who have any SAE during the study period. | First infusion to Day 32 |
| Deepak Dewan | Ajanta Hospital & Research Centre, 765, ABC Complex, Kanpur Road, Alambagh, Lucknow-Uttar Pradesh, 226005, India. | Principal Investigator |
| Shalini Srivastava | Om Surgical Centre and Maternity Home, SA 17/3, P-4, Sri Krishna Nagar, Paharia, Ghazipur Road, Varanasi- 221007, India | Principal Investigator |
| Ram Murti Singh | Trimurti Hospital, Gilat Bazaar, Varanasi- 221002, India | Principal Investigator |
| Rahul Janak Sinha | King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow-226003, India | Principal Investigator |
| Madhav Prabhu | KLES, Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Centre, Nehru Nagar, Belagavi- 590010, Belgaum, Karnataka, India | Principal Investigator |
| Mohd. Shameem | J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India | Principal Investigator |
| Prem Nath Dogra | All India Institute of Medical Science, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi- 110029, India | Principal Investigator |
| Ravimohan S Mavuduru | P. G. I. M. E. R., Sector 12, Chandigarh-160012, India | Principal Investigator |
| Parvaiz Koul | SKIMS, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir- 190011, India | Principal Investigator |
| Bangalore |
| Karnataka |
| 560 090 |
| India |
| KLES, Dr Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Centre , , India | Belagavi | Karnataka | 590010 | India |
| Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Centre | Pune | Maharashtra | 411004 | India |
| Christian Medical College & Hospital | Ludhiana | Punjab | 141008 | India |
| S.P. Medical College | Bikaner | Rajasthan | 334003 | India |
| J. N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University | Aligarh | Uttar Pradesh | 202002 | India |
| King George's Medical University (KGMU), -, India | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 226003 | India |
| M.V. Hospital and Research Centre | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 226003 | India |
| Ajanta Hospital & Research Centre, 765, ABC Complex, Kanpur Road, Alambagh, -, , India. | Lucknow | Uttar Pradesh | 226005 | India |
| Trimurti Hospital | Varanasi | Uttar Pradesh | 221002 | India |
| Sudbhawana Hospital | Varanasi | Uttar Pradesh | 221005 | India |
| Om Surgical Centre and Maternity Home | Varanasi | Uttar Pradesh | 221007 | India |
| P. G. I. M. E. R., Sector 12, - India | Chandigarh | 160012 | India |
| PGIMER Dr. RML Hospital | New Delhi | 110001 | India |
| All India Institute of Medical Science | New Delhi | 110029 | India |
| Sir Ganga Ram Hospital | New Delhi | 110060 | India |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001424 | Bacterial Infections |
| D014552 | Urinary Tract Infections |
| D011704 | Pyelonephritis |
| D007239 | Infections |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001423 | Bacterial Infections and Mycoses |
| D014570 | Urologic Diseases |
| D052776 | Female Urogenital Diseases |
| D005261 | Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications |
| D000091642 | Urogenital Diseases |
| D052801 | Male Urogenital Diseases |
| D009395 | Nephritis, Interstitial |
| D009393 | Nephritis |
| D007674 | Kidney Diseases |
| D011702 | Pyelitis |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002443 | Ceftriaxone |
| D013407 | Sulbactam |
| D004492 | Edetic Acid |
| D000077731 | Meropenem |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002439 | Cefotaxime |
| D002505 | Cephacetrile |
| D002511 | Cephalosporins |
| D047090 | beta-Lactams |
| D007769 | Lactams |
| D000577 | Amides |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D013843 | Thiazines |
| D013457 | Sulfur Compounds |
| D006574 | Heterocyclic Compounds, 2-Ring |
| D000072471 | Heterocyclic Compounds, Fused-Ring |
| D006571 | Heterocyclic Compounds |
| D010406 | Penicillins |
| D005029 | Ethylenediamines |
| D003959 | Diamines |
| D011073 | Polyamines |
| D000588 | Amines |
| D000085 | Acetates |
| D000144 | Acids, Acyclic |
| D002264 | Carboxylic Acids |
| D013845 | Thienamycins |
| D015780 | Carbapenems |
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