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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Mallinckrodt | INDUSTRY |
| Clinical & Translational Science Institute of Southeast Wisconsin | OTHER |
| Versiti Blood Health | OTHER |
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Open heart surgery requires the use of a cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit. As blood flows across the artificial surfaces of the CPB circuit, platelets are activated and consumed. This activation results in a profound inflammatory reaction and need for transfusion. This reaction is intensified in younger, smaller patients undergoing longer, more complex open heart surgery. Nitric oxide is naturally released by vascular endothelial surfaces and acts as a signaling molecule which prevents platelet activation. The investigators hypothesize that the addition of the nitric oxide to the sweep gas of the oxygenator during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery will replace this natural endothelial function and thus prevent platelet activation and consumption. The investigators plan to test this hypothesis with a pilot double blinded, randomized trial of 40 patients less than a year of age undergoing cardiac surgery requiring CPB.
Open heart surgery requires the use of a CPB circuit. As blood flows across the artificial surfaces of the CPB circuit, platelets are consumed (1). The investigators recently completed a prospective observational trial of neonates undergoing cardiac surgery requiring CPB. In this trial the investigators demonstrated a dramatic decrease in platelet count from baseline to intraoperatively. The platelet count rebounded with transfusion and normalized by the time of admission to the cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). Despite prophylactic transfusion of blood products to all patients, 41% experienced excessive postoperative bleeding (defined in terms of chest tube output and need for reoperation).
Further investigation by Dr. Debra Newman in her lab at the Blood Research Institute delineated the platelet defect associated with CPB in the neonates more clearly. Dr. Newman found a significant decrease in the platelet responsiveness to thrombin receptor activating protein (TRAP), thromboxane A2 analog (U46619), and collagen-related peptide (CRP). Further analysis revealed that the effect of CPB on platelet responsiveness to TRAP and U46619 is likely dependent on its effect on platelet count, whereas CPB affects platelet responsiveness to CRP independently of platelet count.
In children, postoperative blood loss and transfusion of blood products has been shown to contribute significantly to the morbidity and mortality of surgeries that require CPB (2, 3). In addition to the need for blood product replacement, the activation of platelets contributes to the intense inflammatory reaction seen in surgeries requiring CPB (4). Patients with a less intense inflammatory response post-operatively generally do better with less morbidity (5).
The oxygenator membrane surface of the CPB pump is a large contributor to the surface area of CPB circuit. As a major contributor to the surface area of the circuit and the location of the gas interface, the oxygenator is a significant contributor to the hemostatic and inflammatory stimulus of CPB. Advances in oxygenator technology have modified the surface to prevent interaction with the blood, but no artificial surface has been found to be as inert as the natural endothelium of the vasculature (5).
A major mechanism by which endothelial surfaces inhibit activation of platelets is by producing nitric oxide (6). Nitric oxide is lipophilic and traverses cellular membranes where it acts on intracellular signaling pathways in platelets to prevent platelet activation and aggregation (7). The artificial surface of the CPB pump does not produce nitric oxide and hence is devoid of this potent inhibitor of platelet activation.
In multiple experimental ex-vivo models of CPB, the addition of nitric oxide to the sweep gas of the oxygenator resulted in preserved platelet counts, preserved platelet function, and decreased markers of platelet activation (8-11).
Multiple clinical trials of nitric oxide administration during CPB have shown positive results. Chung et al. showed in a group of 41 adults undergoing coronary artery surgery requiring CPB that the addition of nitric oxide to the oxygenator resulted in a preservation of platelet numbers, a decrease in markers of platelet activation, and less post-operative blood loss (12). Checchia et al. investigated the effect of nitric oxide in a group of sixteen infants undergoing repair of tetralogy of Fallot and found the patients treated with nitric oxide had an improvement in clinical outcomes of length of stay in the intensive care unit and number of hours requiring mechanical ventilation (13). James et al. showed a 50% decrease in the incidence of low cardiac output syndrome in a randomized trial of 198 children. The effect was most profound in the younger children and those undergoing the most complex repairs (14). These patients are also the ones demonstrated to have the most intense inflammatory reaction postoperatively (15).
Despite these promising studies, several questions remain. The mechanism of platelet preservation has not been delineated. The collaboration between clinicians at Children's Hospital of Wisconsin and Dr. Newman at the Blood Center of Wisconsin has been established and has experience in investigating the effects of CPB on platelets in infants. This collaboration is poised to help define the mechanism of nitric oxide in preserving platelet function during CPB in infants. All studies to date have been single center and underpowered to investigate clinical outcomes of interest such as mortality and length of hospital stay. Dr. Niebler has begun to assemble a multi-center study team. Local data is necessary to help guide the power calculation in determining the sample size for this larger study and to demonstrate the capabilities of the local institution in leading a trial of this magnitude.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nitric Oxide | Experimental | 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide delivered to the oxygenator via the INOmax device for the duration of the cardiopulmonary bypass time |
|
| Placebo | Placebo Comparator | INOmax device attached to the oxygenator, but no gas is delivered through the device |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitric Oxide | Drug | 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide gas delivered to the oxygenator for the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Platelet Count | Change in platelet count from baseline to conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass = (Platelet count at end of CPB) - (Platelet count prior to start of CPB) | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
| 30 Day Mortality | 30 day all cause mortality | 30 days |
| Hospital Length of Stay | Length of stay in the hospital following the operation | 6 months |
| Methemoglobin Level Pre-CPB | Methemoglobin levels in the blood measured at baseline | 24 hours |
| Methemoglobin Level-End of CPB | Methemoglobin Level obtained at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass | 4 hours |
| Methemoglobin Level-ICU Admit | Methemoglobin level obtained at the time of ICU Admit | 24 hours |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Platelet Response to TRAP as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with thrombin receptor activating protein (TRAP) was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to TRAP at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to TRAP prior to CPB) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children's Hospital of Wisconsin | Milwaukee | Wisconsin | 53226 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11722116 | Background | Despotis GJ, Avidan MS, Hogue CW Jr. Mechanisms and attenuation of hemostatic activation during extracorporeal circulation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001 Nov;72(5):S1821-31. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(01)03211-8. | |
| 8614966 | Background | Chambers LA, Cohen DM, Davis JT. Transfusion patterns in pediatric open heart surgery. Transfusion. 1996 Feb;36(2):150-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1996.36296181928.x. |
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we are willing to share the IPD if requested by another investigator. Please contact the principle investigator if interested
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Nitric Oxide | 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide delivered to the oxygenator via the INOmax device for the duration of the cardiopulmonary bypass time Nitric Oxide: 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide gas delivered to the oxygenator for the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
| FG001 | Placebo | INOmax device attached to the oxygenator, but no gas is delivered through the device Placebo: INOmax device connected to oxygenator, but no gas is delivered INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Nitric Oxide | 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide delivered to the oxygenator via the INOmax device for the duration of the cardiopulmonary bypass time Nitric Oxide: 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide gas delivered to the oxygenator for the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Mean |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Change in Platelet Count | Change in platelet count from baseline to conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass = (Platelet count at end of CPB) - (Platelet count prior to start of CPB) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Count of platelets | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
|
From the start of the operation till the time of hospital discharge. All patients were observed for adverse events from the start of the operation in which they were enrolled in the study till the time of hospital discharge following the operation. This ranged from 3 to 200 days.
We used the definitions of major and minor adverse events as described by the Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Consortium Database as this is a validated method to describe adverse events in pediatric patients following cardiac surgery.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Nitric Oxide | 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide delivered to the oxygenator via the INOmax device for the duration of the cardiopulmonary bypass time Nitric Oxide: 20 ppm of Nitric Oxide gas delivered to the oxygenator for the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiac Arrest | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment | Cardiac arrest requiring cardiopulmonary resuscitation |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arrhythmia requiring temporary pacemaker | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment | Arrhythmia in the postoperative period requiring use of a temporary pacemaker. Did not require insertion of a permanent pacemaker device. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Robert Niebler, MD | Medical College of Wisconsin | 4142663360 | rniebler@mcw.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | May 19, 2020 | May 19, 2020 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D007249 | Inflammation |
| D013921 | Thrombocytopenia |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010335 | Pathologic Processes |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D001791 | Blood Platelet Disorders |
| D006402 | Hematologic Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009569 | Nitric Oxide |
| D045462 | Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D026361 | Reactive Nitrogen Species |
| D005609 | Free Radicals |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D009589 | Nitrogen Oxides |
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Randomized, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled
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| Placebo | Drug | INOmax device connected to oxygenator, but no gas is delivered |
|
| INOmax | Device | All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
|
|
| From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
| Change in Platelet Response to U46619 as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with U46619 was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to U46619 at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to U46619 prior to CPB) | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
| Change in Platelet Response to CRP as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with CRP was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to CRP at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to CRP prior to CPB) | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
| Volume of Platelet Transfusion | Volume per kg of platelet transfusion given to patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | 48 hours post-operatively |
| Volume of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion | Volume per kg of packed red blood cell transfusion given to patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | 48 hours post-operatively |
| Transfusion Exposures | Total number of transfusion exposures for a patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | 48 hours post-operatively |
| Length of Mechanical Ventilation | Time (days) spent on ventilator following the operation | 30 days post-operatively |
| Vasoactive Infusion Score | Highest vasoactive infusion score (VIS) within 24 hours post-operatively. Vasoactive infusion score is based on the dose of the vasoactive infusions the patient is given VIS = Dopamine dose (μg/kg/min) + Dobutamine dose (μg/kg/min) +100 × epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) + 10 X Milrinone dose (μg/kg/min) +10,000 × Vasopressin dose (U/kg/min) + 100 × Norepinephrine dose (μg/kg/min). The minimum value is 0 if the patient is not on any vasoactive medications. There is no "maximum" score as there is no "maximum" dose of vasoactive medications. Higher scores indicate that the patient is on more vasoactive medications which is generally considered worse. | 24 hours post-operatively |
| Number of Subjects Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | Dichotomous outcome-required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation within 48 hours post-operatively | 48 hours post-operatively |
| Hospital Cost | Total hospital cost at the time of discharge | 6 months post-operatively |
| 7877314 | Background | Petaja J, Lundstrom U, Leijala M, Peltola K, Siimes MA. Bleeding and use of blood products after heart operations in infants. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1995 Mar;109(3):524-9. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5223(95)70284-9. |
| 1371416 | Background | Rinder CS, Bonan JL, Rinder HM, Mathew J, Hines R, Smith BR. Cardiopulmonary bypass induces leukocyte-platelet adhesion. Blood. 1992 Mar 1;79(5):1201-5. |
| 9315800 | Background | Wan S, LeClerc JL, Vincent JL. Inflammatory response to cardiopulmonary bypass: mechanisms involved and possible therapeutic strategies. Chest. 1997 Sep;112(3):676-92. doi: 10.1378/chest.112.3.676. |
| 7504587 | Background | Radomski MW, Vallance P, Whitley G, Foxwell N, Moncada S. Platelet adhesion to human vascular endothelium is modulated by constitutive and cytokine induced nitric oxide. Cardiovasc Res. 1993 Jul;27(7):1380-2. doi: 10.1093/cvr/27.7.1380. |
| 21050056 | Background | Naseem KM, Roberts W. Nitric oxide at a glance. Platelets. 2011;22(2):148-52. doi: 10.3109/09537104.2010.522629. Epub 2010 Nov 4. |
| 10809259 | Background | Annich GM, Meinhardt JP, Mowery KA, Ashton BA, Merz SI, Hirschl RB, Meyerhoff ME, Bartlett RH. Reduced platelet activation and thrombosis in extracorporeal circuits coated with nitric oxide release polymers. Crit Care Med. 2000 Apr;28(4):915-20. doi: 10.1097/00003246-200004000-00001. |
| 1591842 | Background | de Graaf JC, Banga JD, Moncada S, Palmer RM, de Groot PG, Sixma JJ. Nitric oxide functions as an inhibitor of platelet adhesion under flow conditions. Circulation. 1992 Jun;85(6):2284-90. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.6.2284. |
| 8945004 | Background | Konishi R, Shimizu R, Firestone L, Walters FR, Wagner WR, Federspiel WJ, Konishi H, Hattler BG. Nitric oxide prevents human platelet adhesion to fiber membranes in whole blood. ASAIO J. 1996 Sep-Oct;42(5):M850-3. doi: 10.1097/00002480-199609000-00111. |
| 8607682 | Background | Mellgren K, Friberg LG, Mellgren G, Hedner T, Wennmalm A, Wadenvik H. Nitric oxide in the oxygenator sweep gas reduces platelet activation during experimental perfusion. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 Apr;61(4):1194-8. doi: 10.1016/0003-4975(96)00017-3. |
| 15821644 | Background | Chung A, Wildhirt SM, Wang S, Koshal A, Radomski MW. Combined administration of nitric oxide gas and iloprost during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces platelet dysfunction: a pilot clinical study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Apr;129(4):782-90. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.06.049. |
| 23228403 | Background | Checchia PA, Bronicki RA, Muenzer JT, Dixon D, Raithel S, Gandhi SK, Huddleston CB. Nitric oxide delivery during cardiopulmonary bypass reduces postoperative morbidity in children--a randomized trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Sep;146(3):530-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09.100. Epub 2012 Dec 8. |
| 27686343 | Background | James C, Millar J, Horton S, Brizard C, Molesworth C, Butt W. Nitric oxide administration during paediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomised controlled trial. Intensive Care Med. 2016 Nov;42(11):1744-1752. doi: 10.1007/s00134-016-4420-6. Epub 2016 Sep 30. |
| 18249331 | Background | Eisses MJ, Chandler WL. Cardiopulmonary bypass parameters and hemostatic response to cardiopulmonary bypass in infants versus children. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2008 Feb;22(1):53-9. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2007.06.006. Epub 2007 Aug 22. |
| 9390579 | Background | Miller BE, Mochizuki T, Levy JH, Bailey JM, Tosone SR, Tam VK, Kanter KR. Predicting and treating coagulopathies after cardiopulmonary bypass in children. Anesth Analg. 1997 Dec;85(6):1196-202. doi: 10.1097/00000539-199712000-00003. |
| 10468251 | Background | Williams GD, Bratton SL, Riley EC, Ramamoorthy C. Coagulation tests during cardiopulmonary bypass correlate with blood loss in children undergoing cardiac surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 1999 Aug;13(4):398-404. doi: 10.1016/s1053-0770(99)90210-0. |
| 28274558 | Background | Berger JT, Holubkov R, Reeder R, Wessel DL, Meert K, Berg RA, Bell MJ, Tamburro R, Dean JM, Pollack MM; Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Collaborative Pediatric Critical Care Research Network. Morbidity and mortality prediction in pediatric heart surgery: Physiological profiles and surgical complexity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017 Aug;154(2):620-628.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.01.050. Epub 2017 Feb 10. |
| Placebo |
INOmax device attached to the oxygenator, but no gas is delivered through the device Placebo: INOmax device connected to oxygenator, but no gas is delivered INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator |
| BG002 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Days |
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| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Race (NIH/OMB) | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Weight | Mean | Standard Deviation | Kilogram |
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| Known Genetic Disorder | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| STAT Category | Society of Thoracic Surgery-European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery Categorization of Surgical Complexity-graded 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 with 1 being the most complex surgeries and 5 being the least complex surgeries. These categories are validated via the STS database to correlate with risk of mortality. To simplify reporting and randomization we designated high risk surgeries to be STAT category 1 & 2 and low risk surgeries to be STAT category 3-5. | Count of Participants | Participants |
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| Total Cardiopulmonary Bypass Time | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Minutes |
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| Total Aortic Cross Clamp Time | Mean | Standard Deviation | Minutes |
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| Primary | 30 Day Mortality | 30 day all cause mortality | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 30 days |
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| Primary | Hospital Length of Stay | Length of stay in the hospital following the operation | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Days | 6 months |
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| Primary | Methemoglobin Level Pre-CPB | Methemoglobin levels in the blood measured at baseline | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % methemoglobin | 24 hours |
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| Primary | Methemoglobin Level-End of CPB | Methemoglobin Level obtained at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % methemoglobin | 4 hours |
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| Primary | Methemoglobin Level-ICU Admit | Methemoglobin level obtained at the time of ICU Admit | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | % methemoglobin | 24 hours |
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| Secondary | Change in Platelet Response to TRAP as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with thrombin receptor activating protein (TRAP) was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to TRAP at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to TRAP prior to CPB) | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Florescence arbitrary units | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
|
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|
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| Secondary | Change in Platelet Response to U46619 as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with U46619 was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to U46619 at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to U46619 prior to CPB) | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Florescence arbitrary units | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
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| Secondary | Change in Platelet Response to CRP as Measured by P-selectin Expression | The P-selectin expression measured as a mean florescence was measured in platelets stimulated with CRP was measured at baseline and at conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass. Mean of each assessment measured multiple times at each time point. Median change values were reported. The change in these values is the outcome measure = (Platelet response to CRP at end of CPB) - (Platelet response to CRP prior to CPB) | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Florescence arbitrary units | From baseline to end of cardiopulmonary bypass (2-6 hours) |
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| Secondary | Volume of Platelet Transfusion | Volume per kg of platelet transfusion given to patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | mL/kg | 48 hours post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Volume of Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusion | Volume per kg of packed red blood cell transfusion given to patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | mL/kg | 48 hours post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Transfusion Exposures | Total number of transfusion exposures for a patient from the conclusion of cardiopulmonary bypass to 48 hours post-operatively | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Transfusions | 48 hours post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Length of Mechanical Ventilation | Time (days) spent on ventilator following the operation | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | Hours | 30 days post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Vasoactive Infusion Score | Highest vasoactive infusion score (VIS) within 24 hours post-operatively. Vasoactive infusion score is based on the dose of the vasoactive infusions the patient is given VIS = Dopamine dose (μg/kg/min) + Dobutamine dose (μg/kg/min) +100 × epinephrine dose (μg/kg/min) + 10 X Milrinone dose (μg/kg/min) +10,000 × Vasopressin dose (U/kg/min) + 100 × Norepinephrine dose (μg/kg/min). The minimum value is 0 if the patient is not on any vasoactive medications. There is no "maximum" score as there is no "maximum" dose of vasoactive medications. Higher scores indicate that the patient is on more vasoactive medications which is generally considered worse. | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | VIS Score | 24 hours post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Number of Subjects Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation | Dichotomous outcome-required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation within 48 hours post-operatively | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | 48 hours post-operatively |
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| Secondary | Hospital Cost | Total hospital cost at the time of discharge | Posted | Median | Inter-Quartile Range | 1000's of dollars | 6 months post-operatively |
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| 0 |
| 18 |
| 3 |
| 18 |
| 8 |
| 18 |
| EG001 | Placebo | INOmax device attached to the oxygenator, but no gas is delivered through the device Placebo: INOmax device connected to oxygenator, but no gas is delivered INOmax: All patients will have the INOmax device connected to the oxygenator | 0 | 22 | 1 | 22 | 10 | 22 |
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| Heart block requiring pacemaker | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment | Heart block post-surgical requiring insertion of permanent pacemaker |
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| Unplanned reoperation | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment | Unanticipated return to the operating room to revise anatomical surgical repair based on residual cardiac lesion |
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| Sepsis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment | Positive blood culture, urine culture or suspicion of systemic infection resulting in antibiotic treatment for more than 72 hours |
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| Chylothorax | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment | Chylous pleural effusion requiring drainage |
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| Pulmonary hypertension | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment | Elevation in pulmonary vascular resistance requiring medical treatment. |
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| Seizure | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment | Seizure requiring medical treatment or identified by electroencephalogram |
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| D006425 | Hemic and Lymphatic Diseases |
| D000095542 | Cytopenia |
| D017672 |
| Nitrogen Compounds |
| D010087 | Oxides |
| D017601 | Oxygen Compounds |
| D009930 | Organic Chemicals |
| D014665 | Vasodilator Agents |
| D002317 | Cardiovascular Agents |
| D045506 | Therapeutic Uses |
| D020228 | Pharmacologic Actions |
| D020164 | Chemical Actions and Uses |