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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo | OTHER_GOV |
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Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). The illicit use of these substances also leads to a remarkable decrease in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) plasma concentration, which could be a key factor in the atherosclerotic process. The investigators tested the functionality of HDL by cholesterol efflux and antioxidant capacity and its association with CAD in young men.
Twenty strength-trained AAS users (AASU) age 29±5 yr, 20 age-matched strength-trained AAS nonusers (AASNU), and 10 sedentary controls (SC) were enrolled.
HDL concentration and functionality by measuring the 14C-cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL and the ability of HDL in inhibiting LDL oxidation were evaluated.
Coronary artery was evaluated with coronary computed tomography angiography.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anabolic androgenic steroids users | This group had been involved in strength training for at least 2 years, self-administering anabolic androgenic steroids in periodic cycles lasting from 8 to 12 weeks for at least 2 years with 2-4 cycles per year. All participants were on a cycle over the course of the study. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Macrophage cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL |
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| Anabolic androgenic steroids nonusers | This group had been involved in strength training for at least 2 years and they have never took anabolic androgenic steroids. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Macrophage cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL |
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| Sedentary control | This group were sedentary men without cardiovascular disease. Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography and Macrophage cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography | Diagnostic Test | To assess coronary artery plaque and calcification, all participants underwent coronary computed tomography angiography according to the guidelines of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT). All CT scans were acquired in a 320-row detector scanner (AquillionOneTM - Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Otawara, Japan) with 0.5-mm thick slices. Acquisition protocol included coronary artery calcium scoring (CACS) and coronary CTA. CACS protocol utilized a 370-ms tube rotation, 120-kV tube voltage, 300-mA tube current, and 320x0.5-mm collimation with 3-mm slice thickness reconstructed images, one heart beat acquisition during diastole. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Concentration and the functionality of HDL | Blood sample was collected in the morning (between 8:00-10:00 a.m.) after 12 hours fasting and after 30 minutes of resting for HDL concentration assessment. Determination of 14C-cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL utilized macrophages cultured cells from mice was used to test the functionality of HDL. | 1 day |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Prevalence of CAD in young men anabolic steroids users | Coronary computed tomography angiography was used to evaluate coronary artery plaque and calcification. | 1 day |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Anabolic androgenic steroids users and nonusers were recreational weightlifters or amateur bodybuilding athletes who were recruited from gymnasiums.
Sedentary control group was recruited from community sample.
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Maria Janieire NN Alves, MD | Heart Institute | Principal Investigator |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003324 | Coronary Artery Disease |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003327 | Coronary Disease |
| D017202 | Myocardial Ischemia |
| D006331 | Heart Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |
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| Macrophage cholesterol efflux mediated by HDL | Diagnostic Test | Macrophages were incubated with DMEM (Low Glucose, Gibco, Grand Island, New York, USA) containing 1 mg fatty acid free albumin (FAFA) (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany) plus 50 μg acetylated LDL/mL and 0.3 μCi 14C-cholesterol/mL (Amersham Biosciences, UK) for 48h. After washing with PBS/FAFA, cells were incubated in the presence or absence of HDL (50 µg/mL) for 8h. The amount of radioactivity present in the medium at the end of the HDL incubation period will indicate albumin-mediated cholesterol efflux with albumin alone and total efflux with albumin + HDL. Thus, specific HDL-mediated efflux will be calculated, subtracting the albumin-mediated efflux from total efflux |
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| D001161 |
| Arteriosclerosis |
| D001157 | Arterial Occlusive Diseases |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |