Lack of funding

This is a pilot study to determine the hemodynamic effects when hydroxocobalamin vs methylene blue is administered during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients at risk of vasoplegia by measuring mean arterial pressure (MAP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and vasopressor requirement.

Type of study: Randomized, placebo-controlled single-center pilot study Expected duration of subject participation: from the start of cardiac surgical procedure to 24 hours after separation from CPB.

Summary description of sequence and duration of all trial periods:

1. Recruitment and Enrollment: Patients undergoing CABG and/or valve surgery will be approached by their anesthesia provider regarding their interest in participating in this study. Those who express interest will be screened for inclusion and exclusion criteria the morning or day before scheduled surgery. Informed consent will be obtained from participants by study personnel.
2. Preoperative data will be obtained from the electronic medical record and verified with the patient: sex, age, height/weight/BSA, type of surgery, preoperative use of ACEi, beta-blocker, calcium-channel blocker, amiodarone, LVEF), and mean arterial pressure (MAP).
3. Intraoperative events, Operative and Medication Data: All participants will undergo routine induction of anesthesia. Anesthesia will be induced and maintained with midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, and isoflurane. The patient will undergo routine monitoring for all cardiac surgical patients at DHMC, which includes: arterial line mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg), central venous pressure (CVP, mmHg), cardiac output (CO, liters.min-1) by pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) thermodilution, serum pH, pCO2 and lactate by blood gas sampling during the pre-CPB period, during CPB and after separation from CPB, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). Vasopressor will be initiated and titrated to maintain MAP>60mmHg in the pre- and post-CPB period, MAP>50mmHg while on CPB, and vasopressor doses will be recorded on the anesthesia record by the providing team. After the induction of cardiopulmonary bypass, all patients will undergo non-pulsatile hypothermic (32-34 degrees celsius) CPB with a membrane oxygenator and an arterial line filter. The pump will be primed with crystalloid and serial hematocrit levels will be maintained at > 18%. Perfusion will be maintained at pump flow rates of 2-2.5L.min1.m2 throughout CPB to maintain mean arterial pressures 50-80mmg. Arterial blood gases will be measured every 20-30minutes to maintain arterial carbon dioxide partial pressures of 35-40mmHg, unadjusted for temperature (alpha-stat) and oxygen partial pressures of 150-250mmHg. An automated anesthesia record keeping system (e-DH, EPIC®™) records intraoperative hemodynamics at one-minute intervals and stores them into a networked drive. Total CPB time and cross-clamp time and intraoperative medications will also be recorded into e-DH.
4. On the initiation of CPB, participants will be randomized to: Group 1 - Hydroxocobalamin (n=20), Group 2 - Methylene blue (n=20) or Group 3 - Placebo (n=20)
5. 15 minutes after the initiation of CPB, the study drug will be administered intravenously through the central venous line by the anesthesia providers.
6. The study endpoints will be recorded from the anesthesia record above: MAP, CVP, CO, serum pH, pCO2 and lactate, vasopressor requirements, LVEF by TEE and end-tidal isoflurane dose at the following time points: 30 minutes after the induction of anesthesia (A), 15 minutes after the initiation of CPB just before the administration of study drug (pre-drug; time B), 30- and 60- minutes after the administration of study drug (post drug, times C and D), and 15-30 and 60-90 minutes after separation from CPB (post CPB, times E and F).
7. From the above measurements, calculated endpoints are derived: cardiac index calculated by CI=CO/body surface area (BSA), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR in dynes.s.cm-5) = (MAP-CVP)/CO x 800, and SVR index (SVRI) = (MAP-CVP)/CI x 800.
8. Follow-up will be carried out 24 hours after separation from CPB. Most patients are extubated in the intensive care unit at this time. The following data will be recorded: whether the patient has been extubated, vasopressor requirement, MAP and SVR, and adverse events at 24 hours.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. 60 patients > 18 years of age

2. undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)

3. who have 2 or more preoperative risk factors for vasoplegia1-6:

   1. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitor, beta-blocker or amiodarone use within 24 hours of surgery
   2. anticipated CPB duration greater than 120minutes (combined CABG and valve procedure, >3 planned grafts, > 2 valve surgery)
   3. baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 40%.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Emergency surgery
2. Severe renal insufficiency (preoperative Cr > 1.8)
3. Severe hepatic disease (preoperative diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, or recent elevated liver function tests)
4. Pregnancy or women of childbearing potential
5. Known hypersensitivity to hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin
6. Known hypersensitivity to methylene blue
7. Other known contraindications to methylene blue use: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, or ongoing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) or monoamine inhibitor (MAOi) use.

Masking is unfortunately not feasible due to characteristic side effects from each medication that alert most healthcare providers to its presence: methylene blue - transient interference with pulse oximetry, blue chromaturia; hydroxocobalamin - red chromaturia.