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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute | OTHER |
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The proposed study will fill several critical gaps in evidence that are preventing patients and physicians from making informed decisions about their pain care. This project will provide patients taking opioids and physicians with the specific evidence they need to choose the most effective route to pain control, reduced pain interference, opioid reduction, and improved role function, thereby improving patient care.
The aims of this study are to (1) reduce or contain prescription opioid use while maintaining pain control and (2) compare the effectiveness of the Chronic Pain Self-Management Program (CPSMP), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for chronic pain (pain-CBT), and no behavioral treatment within the context of patient-centered collaborative opioid tapering (Taper Only).
The acronym EMPOWER stands for Effective Management of Pain and Opioid-Free Ways to Enhance Relief.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Taper + Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | Active Comparator | A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
|
| Taper + Chronic Pain Self Management Program | Active Comparator | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Peers are people with chronic pain who live in the communities in which they teach. For this project, at least one peer facilitator per workshop will have had experience with prescription opioid use. Intervention fidelity is determined by having a trained observer with a checklist attend random workshop sessions. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. |
|
| Taper Only (no assigned behavioral treatment) | Placebo Comparator | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | Behavioral | A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Opioid Tapering Success | Opioid tapering success was defined as either: 50% reduction in opioid dose (change in MEDD baseline to 12 months) and no significantly increased pain (≤ 1 point increase in PROMIS pain intensity score from baseline to 12 months), or; no opioid dose increase (baseline MEDD to 12 months) and significant pain relief (≥ 2 points decrease in PROMIS pain intensity score). Pain intensity score: Patient self-reported pain intensity on 11 point (0-10) numerical rating scale where a lower score means more pain relief. MEDD: Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose. PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. | Baseline and 12 months |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Beth Darnall, Ph.D. | Stanford University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stanford University | Palo Alto | California | 94304 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 42407075 | Derived | Darnall BD, Perez L, Kao MC, Lorig K, Mardian AS, Flood P, Pun T, Hanson ER, Brose W, Chen CA, Cheung M, Colloca L, De Bruyne K, Edelson N, Kim E, McGovern M, Moore N, Nicholson BD, Porter J, Poupore-King H, Salmasi V, Stieg RL, Sinjary LS, Xu J, Hong J, Tian L, Mackey SC. Patient-Centered Prescription Opioid Tapering Methods : A Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2026 Jul 7. doi: 10.7326/ANNALS-25-04784. Online ahead of print. |
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EMPOWER (opioid taper study; 3-arm randomized): 53 patients who provided consent did not complete their baseline survey; 562 participants completed their baseline survey and were randomized.
VALUE (national observational study; non-randomized): 37 individuals who provided consent did not complete their baseline survey; 810 participants completed their baseline survey.
We partnered with seven study sites that included four outpatient primary care and Veterans health care and three pain clinics in five states (Arizona, California, Colorado, Pennsylvania, and Utah). At all sites, patient recruitment (August 2018-November 2022) was enhanced by using several methods: identifying eligibility in medical records, in-house advertising, external community-based advertising, and use of the CHOIR database at Stanford University.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (Pain-CBT) | A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
| FG001 | Chronic Pain Self Management Program (CPSMP) | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Peers are people with chronic pain who live in the communities in which they teach. For this project, at least one peer facilitator per workshop will have had experience with prescription opioid use. Intervention fidelity is determined by having a trained observer with a checklist attend random workshop sessions. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. |
| FG002 | Taper Only (Usual Care) | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. |
| FG003 | Observational Arm (The VALUE Study) | Participants that do not wish to reduce their opioid medications but are otherwise eligible and interested in the research study will be offered participation in the observational arm. The observational arm of the study will not include interventions of any kind and will only collect survey data for the year following consent. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
|
Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately.
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (Pain-CBT) | A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Continuous | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Opioid Tapering Success | Opioid tapering success was defined as either: 50% reduction in opioid dose (change in MEDD baseline to 12 months) and no significantly increased pain (≤ 1 point increase in PROMIS pain intensity score from baseline to 12 months), or; no opioid dose increase (baseline MEDD to 12 months) and significant pain relief (≥ 2 points decrease in PROMIS pain intensity score). Pain intensity score: Patient self-reported pain intensity on 11 point (0-10) numerical rating scale where a lower score means more pain relief. MEDD: Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose. PROMIS: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. VALUE study did not have opioid tapering success as an outcome given that the study was observational (there was no opioid tapering implemented as part of the study); therefore, participants in the VALUE study were not assessed for this outcome. | Posted | Count of Participants | Participants | Baseline and 12 months |
|
Baseline, Weekly, Month 6, Monthly, and Month 12.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (Pain-CBT) | A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Car accident | Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Systematic Assessment |
| Term | Organ System | Source Vocabulary | Assessment Type | Notes | Statistical Information |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emergency room visit | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
COVID-related challenges resulted in a smaller sample size than was planned. Results may not generalize to those with less education or racial/ethnic diversity. Results do not generalize to patients with moderate to severe opioid use disorder, and are limited to our specific voluntary patient-centered tapering methods. The supportive and real-time responsive communication platform used across all study arms may have biased results.
| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beth Darnall, PhD | Stanford University | N/A | bdarnall@stanford.edu |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP_ICF | Yes | Yes | Yes | Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form | Sep 19, 2023 | Feb 26, 2025 | Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D059350 | Chronic Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015928 | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001521 | Behavior Therapy |
| D011613 | Psychotherapy |
| D004191 | Behavioral Disciplines and Activities |
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The study manager, site coordinators, and clinicians were unblinded to group assignments, while non-clinical study investigators and statisticians remained blinded throughout the study.
| National Observational Study (non-randomized) | No Intervention | The national observational arm of the study (the VALUE study) will enroll participants with chronic pain taking at least 10 MEDD daily. No interventions of any kind will be applied and only self-report survey data will be collected for the year following consent. EMPOWER (randomized trial) and VALUE are two independent studies. Data from the two studies will be analyzed separately. |
|
| Chronic Pain Self Management Program | Behavioral | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session |
|
| Taper Only | Other | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. |
|
| Withdrawal by Subject |
|
| Death (unrelated to study) |
|
| BG001 | Chronic Pain Self Management Program (CPSMP) | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Peers are people with chronic pain who live in the communities in which they teach. For this project, at least one peer facilitator per workshop will have had experience with prescription opioid use. Intervention fidelity is determined by having a trained observer with a checklist attend random workshop sessions. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. |
| BG002 | Taper Only (Usual Care) | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. |
| BG003 | Observational Arm (the VALUE Study) | Participants that do not wish to reduce their opioid medication(s) but are otherwise eligible and interested in the research study will be offered participation in the observational arm. The observational arm of the study will not include interventions of any kind and will only collect survey data for the year following consent. Data from the VALUE study will be analyzed separately from EMPOWER (randomized). |
| BG004 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Mean |
| Standard Deviation |
| years |
|
| Sex/Gender, Customized | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Ethnicity (NIH/OMB) | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race (NIH/OMB) | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Pain Duration | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Pain Intensity - Average | Pain intensity was assessed with the Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Systems (PROMIS) Pain Intensity 1-item scale assessing average pain intensity for the past 7 days (0= "No pain" to 10= "Worst pain imaginable") where a higher score represents a greater degree of pain intensity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| Morphine Equivalent Daily Dose (MEDD) | Daily opioid doses were converted to standardized MEDD using the 2016 CDC Guidelines, including the adjusted methadone conversion factor for higher doses. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | MEDD |
|
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | The pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) has 13 items and measures patterns of negative thoughts and emotional responses to pain. The response scale ranges from 0 (not at all) to 4 (all the time); total sum scores range from 0 to 52, with higher scores indicating greater pain catastrophizing tendencies. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) - Pain Interference | The BPI assess the level of pain-related interference across the following seven domains: mood, general activity, normal work (inside and outside the home), enjoyment of life, relations with other people, walking ability, and sleep (0=does not interfere, 10=completely interferes). Higher scores signify worse pain interference. The average score (range from 0 to 10) was created by averaging the seven domain scores for each participant. | Different measure was used to assess pain interference in the VALUE study. Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Pain Interference | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Different measure was used in the EMPOWER study to assess for pain interference. Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| Pain Self-Efficacy | The 2-item Pain Self-Efficacy Questionnaire assessed confidence in functioning in the presence of pain. Responses range from 0 = "Not at all confident" to 6 = "Completely confident" where higher scores represent greater confidence in functioning. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Anger | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Anxiety | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Cognitive Function | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Physical Function | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Fatigue | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Sleep Disturbance | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Social Isolation | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Satisfaction with Social Roles & Activities | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| PROMIS - Depression | A score of 50 is the average for the United States general population with a standard deviation of 10; therefore, a person with a T-score of 40 is one SD below the mean. A higher score indicates greater symptom severity. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) | A total score (range: 0 to 40) is calculated by adding the points for each item which have a response scale of either 0 to 2 or 0 to 4. A score of 8 or more is associated with harmful or hazardous drinking, a score of 13 or more in women, and 15 or more in men, is likely to indicate alcohol dependence. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| Drug Abuse Screen Test (DAST) | A total score (range: 0-10) is calculated by adding the points for each item of the ten items. Score of 0: No problems reported; 1-2: Low level; 3-5: Moderate level; 6-8: Substantial level; 9-10: Severe level. | Data from the two studies (EMPOWER and VALUE) were analyzed separately. | Mean | Standard Deviation | score on a scale |
|
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain (Pain-CBT) |
A trained psychologist delivers pain-CBT to individual patients or groups of patients with chronic pain. Group treatment is delivered across 8 weekly sessions that last for 2 hours each. Pain-CBT incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. Pain-CBT is effective for reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing, depression and social impacts. |
| OG001 | Chronic Pain Self Management Program (CPSMP) | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Peers are people with chronic pain who live in the communities in which they teach. For this project, at least one peer facilitator per workshop will have had experience with prescription opioid use. Intervention fidelity is determined by having a trained observer with a checklist attend random workshop sessions. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. |
| OG002 | Taper Only (Usual Care) | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. |
| OG003 | Observational Arm (The VALUE Study) | Participants that do not wish to reduce their opioid medications but are otherwise eligible and interested in the research study will be offered participation in the observational arm. The observational arm of the study will not include interventions of any kind and will only collect survey data for the year following consent. |
|
|
| 5 |
| 203 |
| 9 |
| 203 |
| 162 |
| 203 |
| EG001 | Chronic Pain Self Management Program (CPSMP) | The CPSMP is similar to pain-CBT in format and content but is peer-led, and is effective across pain conditions (e.g., back pain, arthritis) for improving pain and pain self-efficacy. The CPSMP consists of six weekly 2-hour group sessions in which two peer co-leaders provide patient education about pain, effective self-management, pain impacts, and other symptoms from a highly structured manual. Peers are people with chronic pain who live in the communities in which they teach. For this project, at least one peer facilitator per workshop will have had experience with prescription opioid use. Intervention fidelity is determined by having a trained observer with a checklist attend random workshop sessions. Similar to pain-CBT, CPSMP incorporates interactive discussion, practice of relaxation training, action planning, and home exercises into each session. | 1 | 168 | 7 | 168 | 140 | 168 |
| EG002 | Taper Only (Usual Care) | Participants allocated to 'Taper Only' will engage in a physician-guided, patient-centered opioid tapering program without additional behavioral intervention. | 2 | 191 | 8 | 191 | 159 | 191 |
| EG003 | Observational Arm (the VALUE Study) | Participants that do not wish to reduce their opioid medications but are otherwise eligible and interested in the research study will be offered participation in the observational arm. The observational arm of the study will not include interventions of any kind and will only collect survey data for the year following consent. | 4 | 810 | 0 | 810 | 0 | 810 |
| Sepsis | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Urinary tract infection | Infections and infestations | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Suicidal ideation | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Surgery - elective | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Differential diagnosis | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Cardiac issue | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Parkinson's disease | Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Progressive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| cerebrovascular accident (stroke) | Vascular disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Decompensated heart failure | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Alcohol use complications | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Cancer | Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Cardiac arrest | Cardiac disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Failing kidneys | Renal and urinary disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Toe amputation | Surgical and medical procedures | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Medical history - chronic pain | Nervous system disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| New medical issue | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Urgent care visit | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Suicidal ideation | Psychiatric disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
| Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) | General disorders | Systematic Assessment |
|
Not provided
Not provided
|
| Male |
|
| Unknow or not reported |
|
|
| Not Hispanic or Latino |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
|
| Asian |
|
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander |
|
| Black or African American |
|
| White |
|
| More than one race |
|
| Unknown or Not Reported |
|
|
| 1 - 5 years |
|
| 6 - 10 years |
|
| 10 - 20 years |
|
| > 20 years |
|
| Unknown or not reported |
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