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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| National University of Singapore | OTHER |
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The aims of this study is to test the training effects of the robotic walker. This study will compare the effectiveness of 2 different types of gait training protocols in chronic stroke patients, 1) conventional gait training (CT, control group), and 2) gait rehabilitation with the new walker modified after 1st stage (WT, experimental group).
This will be a prospective single blind randomized control trial where investigators propose to recruit a maximum of 100 older chronic stroke patients (age 50 years to 90 years old) with mild to severe lower limb motor function impairment.
Recruited subjects will have 19 study visits. The recruited 100 subjects will be divided into 2 groups of 50 each through a simple randomization scheme; 1) Conventional gait training (CT, control group) and 2) Gait rehabilitation with the new walker modified after 1st stage (WT, experimental group). Each subject will undergo training programs consisting of 45 minutes training session (excluding rest periods), 3 days (alternate) a week for 6 consecutive weeks.
Subjects allocated to the CT group will receive physiotherapy program, including active assisted or passive range of motion and conventional gait and balance training. The subjects will first perform active assisted or passive range of motion of the lower limbs including ankle, knee, and hip joint in the supine position for 10 minutes. Subjects will then perform conventional gait and balance therapy based on the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) concept for 15 minutes. Among the PNF techniques, investigators will facilitate pelvic motion to improve control and mobility of the subjects. Subjects will be given a 5 minutes rest. Finally, the CT subjects will undergo the over-ground gait training with or without aid or orthoses and with manual assistance from senior physiotherapist for 15 minutes, depending on the individual subject's abilities.
For WT group, subjects will first go through active assisted or passive range of motion of the lower limbs including ankle, knee, and hip joint in the supine position for 10 minutes. The main therapy consists of 2 parts with 5 minutes rest in between. During part 1, subjects will be trained on the robotic walker with the help of active body weight support (BWS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) for 15 minutes with pelvic motion support function and lateral balance function being continuously provided. The level of BWS will be provided as much as the subjects can support his or her residual body weight (10% to 30% BWS). The BWS force will be gradually reduced as soon as the subjects can support his or her full body weight. The clinical criterion for the reduction is that the subjects show the ability to move his or her hips and are able to support his or her own body weight sufficiently on the affected lower limb and straighten their legs during the single-leg stance phase. Therapists will be able to control the level of BWS force according to the criteria mentioned above. FES will be used to stimulate the peroneal nerve in the affected side, and the intensity of the device will be painlessly controlled by allowing sufficient dorsiflexion and eversion during the swing phase. FES will be set to synchronize with the inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors and the stimulation timing for the common peroneal nerve will based on the detected gait phase by IMU sensors. During part 2, subjects will also receive resistance/assistance forces on top of the BWS and FES training for 15 minutes. The decision on providing resistance or assistance modes will be made according to the subjects' functional ambulation category (FAC) level. For subjects with FAC level less than 3, the assistive function will be implemented, otherwise resistive function will be applied. The assistance and resistance forces will be applied proportional to the BW of the subjects (2% to 7% of BW), which is determined by therapists. The rationale of dividing the WT group into 2 parts of different training is that the 1st part is to provide basic locomotive function with persistent and repetitive sensory stimulation while the 2nd part is to add task-specificity to improve weight-bearing, aerobic, functional strengthening and balance for the neurologically challenged patients by implementing a variety of walking tasks. Investigators expect that the repetitive and persistent walking with task-specific gait training will promote better functional outcomes than the conventional gait therapy.
During the session, subjects can request for a rest anytime if they experience discomfort or fatigue. Additionally, investigators will provide them with a 5 - 15 minutes of rest time. The rest period given depends on individual subjects' needs. Investigators will seek their opinion whether subjects have enough rest and are well to continue with the session. Longer rest period will be given to the subjects who require them. During the resting period and also the period where subjects are not required to participate, a chair will be provided for the subject to sit and rest.
The session will be conducted under the supervision/assistance of senior physiotherapist, research assistants and engineering group. Clinical symptoms/adverse clinical developments will be closely monitored.
Outcomes will be measured before (T0), immediately after (T1) and 1 month after the end of treatment (T2) of 6 weeks therapy session by an independent senior physiotherapist to ensure blinding.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| CT, Control Group | Active Comparator | Conventional Gait Training |
|
| WT, Experimental Group | Experimental | Gait rehabilitation with walker |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Gait Training | Other | Subjects allocated to the CT group will first perform active assisted or passive range of motion of the lower limbs including ankle, knee, and hip joint in the supine position for 10 minutes. They will then perform conventional gait and balance therapy based on the proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) concept for 15 minutes. They will be given a 5 minutes rest. Finally, the CT subjects will undergo the over-ground gait training with or without aid or orthoses and with manual assistance from senior physiotherapist for 15 minutes, depending on the individual subject's abilities. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) | Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) measures resistance during passive soft-tissue stretching. It is a quick and easy measure that can help assess the efficacy of treatment. MAS is performed in the supine position (this will garner the most accurate and the lowest score as any tension anywhere in the body will increase spasticity). Scoring 0 = Normal tone, no increase in tone 1 = Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch and release or minimal resistance at the end of the range of motion (ROM) when the affected part(s) is moved in flexion or extension 1+ = Slight increase in muscle tone, manifested by a catch, followed by minimal resistance throughout the remainder (less than half) of the ROM 2 = More marked increase in muscle tone through most of the ROM, but affected part(s) easily moved 3 = Considerable increase in muscle tone, passive movement difficult 4 = Affected part(s) rigid in flexion or extension | 3 minutes |
| Medical Research Council (MRC) grading | The muscle scale grades muscle power on a scale of 0 to 5 in relation to the maximum expected for that muscle. | 5 minutes |
| Functional Ambulation Category (FAC) | FAC is a functional walking test that evaluates ambulation ability. | 2 minutes |
| National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) | NIHSS is a tool used by healthcare providers to objectively quantify the impairment caused by a stroke. The NIHSS is composed of 11 items, each of which scores a specific ability between a 0 and 4. For each item, a score of 0 typically indicates normal function in that specific ability, while a higher score is indicative of some level of impairment. The individual scores from each item are summed in order to calculate a patient's total NIHSS score. The maximum possible score is 42, with the minimum score being a 0. | 12 minutes |
| Timed Up and Go (TUG) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Functional Independence Measure (FIM) | Functional Independence Measure (FIM) is an 18-item of physical, psychological and social function. The tool is used to assess a patient's level of disability as well as change in patient status in response to rehabilitation or medical intervention. Each item is scored on a 7 point ordinal scale, ranging from a score of 1 to a score of 7.
Total score for the FIM motor subscale (the sum of the individual motor subscale items) will be a value between 13 and 91. Total score for the FIM cognition subscale (the sum of the individual cognition subscale items) will be a value between 5 and 35. Total score for the FIM instrument (the sum of the motor and cognition subscale scores) will be a value between 18 and 126. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santhosh Kumar Seetharaman | Contact | +65 6779 5555 | mdcsnks@nus.edu.sg | |
| Aileen Pang | Contact | +65 6601 3288 | aileen_pang@nuhs.edu.sg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Santhosh Kumar Seetharaman | National University Hospital, Singapore | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| National University Hospital | Recruiting | Singapore | 119074 | Singapore |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 14606269 | Background | Schmidt H, Sorowka D, Hesse S, Bernhardt R. [Development of a robotic walking simulator for gait rehabilitation]. Biomed Tech (Berl). 2003 Oct;48(10):281-6. doi: 10.1515/bmte.2003.48.10.281. German. | |
| 18430678 | Background | Patton J, Brown DA, Peshkin M, Santos-Munne JJ, Makhlin A, Lewis E, Colgate EJ, Schwandt D. KineAssist: design and development of a robotic overground gait and balance therapy device. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2008 Mar-Apr;15(2):131-9. doi: 10.1310/tsr1502-131. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020521 | Stroke |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D002561 | Cerebrovascular Disorders |
| D001927 | Brain Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014853 | Walkers |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009983 | Orthopedic Equipment |
| D013523 | Surgical Equipment |
| D004864 | Equipment and Supplies |
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The recruited subjects will be divided into 2 groups through a simple randomization scheme using Microsoft Excel ("rand function"); 1) Conventional gait training (CT, control group) and 2) Gait rehabilitation with the new walker modified after 1st stage (WT, experimental group). Each subject will undergo training programs consisting of 45 minutes training session (excluding rest periods), 3 days (alternate) a week for 6 consecutive weeks.
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| Gait rehabilitation with walker | Device | For WT group, subjects will first go through active assisted or passive range of motion of the lower limbs including ankle, knee, and hip joint in the supine position for 10 minutes. The main therapy consists of 2 parts with 5 minutes rest in between. During part 1, subjects will be trained on the robotic walker with the help of active body weight support (BWS) and functional electrical stimulation (FES) for 15 minutes with pelvic motion support function and lateral balance function being continuously provided. During part 2, subjects will also receive resistance/assistance forces on top of the BWS and FES training for 15 minutes. |
|
TUG is a simple test used to assess a person's mobility and requires both static and dynamic balance. |
| 8 minutes |
| Berg Balance Scale (BBS) | The Berg Balance Scale (BBS) was developed to measure balance among older people with impairment in balance function by assessing the performance of functional tasks. It is a valid instrument used for evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and for quantitative descriptions of function in clinical practice and research. Description: 14-item scale designed to measure balance of the older adult in a clinical setting. Equipment needed: Ruler, two standard chairs (one with arm rests, one without), footstool or step, stopwatch or wristwatch, 15 ft walkway Completion: Time: 15-20 minutes Scoring: A five-point scale, ranging from 0-4. "0" indicates the lowest level of function and "4" the highest level of function. Total Score = 56 Interpretation: 41-56 = low fall risk 21-40 = medium fall risk 0 -20 = high fall risk A change of 8 points is required to reveal a genuine change in function between 2 assessments. | 15 minutes |
| Clinical Outcomes Variables Score (COVS) | The COVS assesses functional mobility across a broad range of neurologic conditions. | 20 minutes |
| 6 minute walk test | The 6 Minute Walk Test is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess aerobic capacity and endurance. The distance covered over a time of 6 minutes is used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity. | 6 minutes |
| Temporal spatial gait analysis (Part 1) | Gait analysis is assessed by Tekscan Strideway which can provide temporospatial parameters including step length (cm), step width (cm), step time (s), step velocity (cm/s) and stride length (cm). | 10 minutes |
| Temporal spatial gait analysis (Part 2) | Gait analysis is assessed by Tekscan Strideway which can provide temporospatial parameters including stride time (s), gait cycle time (s), stance time (s), swing time (s), single support time (s), and double support time (s). | 10 minutes |
| Electromyography (EMG) | Electromyography (EMG) is evaluated by Delsys Trigno Wireless System which is a non-invasive method to detect muscle activity in mircoamperes. EMG sensors will be placed on Rectus Femoris, Tibilatis Anterior, Biceps Femoris, and lateral Gastrocnemius. | 10 minutes |
| 8 minutes |
| Revised Nottingham Sensory Assessment (rNSA) | rNSA is a sensory assessment. | 15 minutes |
| Number of falls | In the whole study, if there is more than 20% fall incidence, then the study will be compromised. | 1 year |
| Patient's attitudes towards the robotic walker using visual analogue scale (EQ-5D VAS) ranging from 0 (negative) to 10 (positive). | EQ-5D VAS is a standardized instrument for measuring generic health status. The EQ-5D VAS essentially consists of 2 parts: the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). The EQ-5D descriptive system comprises the following five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension has 3 levels: no problems, some problems, and extreme problems. The subject is asked to indicate his/her health state by ticking the box next to the most appropriate statement in each of the five dimensions. The EQ VAS records the subject's self-rated health on a vertical visual analogue scale where the endpoints are labelled 'Best imaginable health state' and 'Worst imaginable health state'. The VAS can be used as a quantitative measure of health outcome that reflects the subject's own judgement. | 5 minutes |
| 18467648 | Background | Hornby TG, Campbell DD, Kahn JH, Demott T, Moore JL, Roth HR. Enhanced gait-related improvements after therapist- versus robotic-assisted locomotor training in subjects with chronic stroke: a randomized controlled study. Stroke. 2008 Jun;39(6):1786-92. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.504779. Epub 2008 May 8. |
| 17876068 | Background | Kwakkel G, Kollen BJ, Krebs HI. Effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):111-21. doi: 10.1177/1545968307305457. Epub 2007 Sep 17. |
| 10381238 | Background | Mayo NE, Wood-Dauphinee S, Ahmed S, Gordon C, Higgins J, McEwen S, Salbach N. Disablement following stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 1999 May-Jun;21(5-6):258-68. doi: 10.1080/096382899297684. |
| 7613406 | Background | Forster A, Young J. Incidence and consequences of falls due to stroke: a systematic inquiry. BMJ. 1995 Jul 8;311(6997):83-6. doi: 10.1136/bmj.311.6997.83. |
| 21515871 | Background | Daly JJ, Zimbelman J, Roenigk KL, McCabe JP, Rogers JM, Butler K, Burdsall R, Holcomb JP, Marsolais EB, Ruff RL. Recovery of coordinated gait: randomized controlled stroke trial of functional electrical stimulation (FES) versus no FES, with weight-supported treadmill and over-ground training. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011 Sep;25(7):588-96. doi: 10.1177/1545968311400092. Epub 2011 Apr 22. |
| 17267755 | Background | Scheidt RA, Stoeckmann T. Reach adaptation and final position control amid environmental uncertainty after stroke. J Neurophysiol. 2007 Apr;97(4):2824-36. doi: 10.1152/jn.00870.2006. Epub 2007 Jan 31. |
| 16249912 | Background | Patton JL, Stoykov ME, Kovic M, Mussa-Ivaldi FA. Evaluation of robotic training forces that either enhance or reduce error in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors. Exp Brain Res. 2006 Jan;168(3):368-83. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0097-8. Epub 2005 Oct 26. |
| 22832470 | Background | Kao PC, Srivastava S, Agrawal SK, Scholz JP. Effect of robotic performance-based error-augmentation versus error-reduction training on the gait of healthy individuals. Gait Posture. 2013 Jan;37(1):113-20. doi: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.06.025. Epub 2012 Jul 24. |
| D014652 | Vascular Diseases |
| D002318 | Cardiovascular Diseases |