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The purpose of this study is to investigate how a high-fructose diet, either by high fructose intake from complex, natural foods or by fortifying the diet with corn syrup, affects the metabolism. Furthermore, it will be investigate if there are differences between obese and normal weight participants.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| low f1 diet | Experimental | low fructose diet week 1 |
|
| fruit rich diet | Experimental | fruit rich diet week 2 |
|
| low f2 diet | Experimental | low fructose diet week 3 |
|
| HFCS rich diet | Experimental | HFCS rich diet week 4 |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diet | Other | 7 days fruit-rich diet, 7 days HFCS-rich diet |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| metabolite concentration | The primary endpoint is the change of metabolite concentration after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| fatty liver index | Change in fatty liver index after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) |
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Inclusion Criteria:
At initial medical examination an anamnesis, physical examination, blood sample collection (10 ml) was performed to check for eligibility. Furthermore, a hydrogen breath test was performed to detect potential fructose intolerance
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Stephan C Bischoff | University of Hohenheim | Principal Investigator |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D065626 | Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005234 | Fatty Liver |
| D008107 | Liver Diseases |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |
| D050177 | Overweight |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D004032 | Diet |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009747 | Nutritional Physiological Phenomena |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
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Change in the classification of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) based on ultrasound after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet.
| Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Body weight | Change from baseline in body weight after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) | Change in blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| GGT | Change in GGT after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| GOT | Change in GOT after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| GPT | Change in GPT after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| AP | Change in AP after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Triglycerides | Change in triglycerides after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| HDL | Change in HDL after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| LDL | Change in LDL after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Fasting glucose | Change in fasting glucose after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| BSR | Change in BSR after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Kreatinine | Change in Kreatinine after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Uric acid | Change in uric acid after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Urea | Change in urea after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Cholesterol | Change in cholesterol after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Ghrelin | Change in ghrelin after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| Leptin | Change in leptin after low fructose diet week 1, fruit rich diet, low fructose diet week 3 and HFCS rich diet. | Participants will be followed for the time of four weeks. |
| D044343 |
| Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |