Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) has frequently been used to investigate local spontaneous brain activity in Parkinson's disease (PD) in a whole-brain, voxel-wise manner. To quantitatively integrate these studies, we conducted a coordinate-based meta-analysis on 15 studies that used amplitude of low frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and 11 studies that used regional homogeneity (ReHo). All these ALFF and ReHo studies have compared PD patients with healthy controls. We also performed a validation RS-fMRI study of ALFF and ReHo in a frequency-dependent manner for a novel dataset consisting of PD and healthy controls.

Seed-based d Mapping (formerly Signed Differential Mapping, SDM) software (version 5.141 for Windows) (www.sdmproject.com) was used for meta-analysis.

For the validation, fMRI data were acquired on a 3 Tesla Magnetic Resonance scanner (Trio system; Siemens Magnetom scanner, Erlangen, Germany) with gradient-echo echo-plannar imaging sequences. Whole brain fMRI scanning was carried out. All participants were instructed to keep their eyes closed, relax, remain motionless, not think of anything in particular, and not fall asleep. Foam pads were used to minimize head motion.

Inclusion Criteria:

• The PD diagnoses were based on the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank Clinical Diagnostic Criteria. Patients were assessed using the UPDRS III and Hoehn and Yahr disability scale.

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1. history of head trauma, 2. substance abuse, 3. psychiatric disorder. For healthy controls, additional exclusion criteria included

  1. any history of neuropsychiatric disorders.

PD patients were enrolled from the inpatients and the outptients. Healthy controlls were enrolled using advertisement (media and internet)

We've already uploaded all the raw data to a repository of GigaScience, and part of data to the NITRC repository, named as "PD RS-fMRI meta and validation". After the current study publish, we will update the sharing information here.

starting one year at least after publication

We will follow the two repositories' commands to share the data. The demography information will also be shared. Dr. Tao Wu will review the requests which is only used for scientific research.