The purpose of this study is to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK) and safety profile of anesthetics and analgesics in children and adolescents.

This is a research study to find out what the side effects are of certain drugs that are commonly used for pain and to put people to sleep for surgery. The researchers also want to know how the drug is broken down in the body. Participants will be given these drugs as they are prescribed by their regular doctor. As part of the participant's standard of care, doctors will perform tests, ask questions, review medical information and measure vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure, etc). The researchers will collect information that doctors have already written in the medical records. The research study team will collect blood from participants at certain time points depending on when the participant was first given the drug (up to 5 samples over the course of 10 to 48 hours). Examples of current and upcoming anesthetics and analgesics include, but are not limited to: ketorolac (Toradol), ketamine (Ketalar), oxycodone (OxyContin), and morphine (Kadian, MS Contin).

Inclusion Criteria:

1. 0 to <18 years of age at time of enrollment (must see applicable appendix for details as not all appendices enroll across the entire age range)
2. Parent and/or participant (if applicable) is able to understand the consent process and provides informed consent and HIPAA Authorization (if applicable)
3. Participant provides assent as required by the institutional review board (IRB) or research ethics board (REB)
4. Receiving one or more drugs of interest (DOI) per local standard of care
5. Meeting DOI-specific inclusion criteria (See Appendices)

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Known pregnancy
2. Extracorporeal life support (i.e., ECMO, dialysis, ventricular assist device)
3. Any condition which would make the participant, in the opinion of the investigator, unsuitable for the study

Approximately 60 participants will be enrolled to each of the study drug of interests (DOI) cohorts. Participants who satisfy eligibility criteria and are receiving one or more DOIs per standard of care will be consented into the study and assigned to the corresponding DOI cohort. DOI cohort assignments will be at the discretion of the treating physician based on the DOIs that are administered per standard of care. Participants will be selected from a variety of centers including but not limited to trauma and intensive care units. Participants will not be randomized. Participants may count towards 1 or more DOIs within the same 90-day period.

All data collected is uploaded into the National Institute of Health Data Repository (DASH) at the end of the study (de-identified).

Data will be uploaded to the repository within 2 years of study completion. It will be maintained in the repository indefinitely.

In order to have access, researchers have to complete a Data access request. NICHD will review the request and either approve or deny it. IRB approval must be obtained by the researcher to access the data.

https://dash.nichd.nih.gov/Resource/DataRequestChecklist