Sudden and unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) has become a major issue for patients with epilepsy and their physicians. SUDEP is a nontraumatic and non-drowning death in patients with epilepsy, unrelated to a documented status epilepticus, in which postmortem examination does not reveal a toxicologic or anatomic cause of death. It primarily affects young adults with drug-resistant epilepsy, with an incidence of about 0.5%/year. A recent study reported that up to 20% of patients with childhood onset drug resistant epilepsy will die of a SUDEP by the age of 45. Apart from optimizing antiepileptic drugs, no preventive treatment is available to prevent SUDEP. As underscored by the World Health Organization (WHO), there is an urgent need to develop specific therapeutic approaches to tackle this issue.

The primary objective of the proposal is to evaluate the diagnostic value of a set of circulating microRNAs pre-selected because of their implication in the regulation of molecular pathways involved in the respiratory regulation to identify patients with seizure-related respiratory dysfunction, as defined by occurrence ictal/peri-ictal pulse oxymetry < 90%.

A total of 50 patients will be included over a period of one year. Patients undergoing long-term video-EEG/SEEG monitoring will be recruited in the epilepsy monitoring unit of the Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.

It will be a case-control study in a cohort of patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy undergoing long-term video-EEG monitoring, in which patients who demonstrate ictal/post-ictal hypoxemia (cases) will be compared with those without seizure-related respiratory dysfunction (controls).

Inclusion Criteria:

For the patients :

• Adult patient (≥ 18 years) suffering from drug-resistant focal epilepsy or from drug-resistant generalized epilepsy according to ILAE classification
• Patient undergoing long-term video-EEG monitoring in Epilepsy unit of Lyon to record and characterize her/his seizure
• Patient who gave her/his written informed consent to participate to the study
• Patient affiliated to the French health care system

For the healthy volunteers :

• Adult (≥ 18 years)
• Without history of neurological disorders and/or psychiatric disorders, and/or general medical disorders
• Subject who gave her/his written informed consent to participate to the study
• Subject affiliated to the French health care system

Exclusion Criteria:

For the patients :

• Ongoing major depressive episode as defined by a score ≥ 15 at the French version of the NDDI-E scale*
• Current panic disorder as defined by a score ≥ 7 at the French version of the GAD-7 scale*
• Ongoing treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• Patient who benefit from a protective measure

For the healthy volunteers :

• Presence of the symptoms of anxiety and/or depression as defined by a score ≥ 11 at the French version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
• Ongoing treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
• Subjects with these psychiatric comorbidities and/or treatment will be excluded in order to limit risk that the relation previously reported between miR-135a, miR-16, miR-1202 and depression and/or panic disorder and/or response to selective serotonin